Metadata Report for BODC Series Reference Number 930109
Metadata Summary
Problem Reports
Data Access Policy
Narrative Documents
Project Information
Data Activity or Cruise Information
Fixed Station Information
BODC Quality Flags
Metadata Summary
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Problem Reports
No Problem Report Found in the Database
Prince Madog Cruise PD02_09A CTD Data Quality Notes
LISST transmission and scattering
Users should be aware that the clear water values measured on different cruises are observed to increase and decrease at times, which is not consistent behaviour. In addition, the clear water scattering values are also sometimes less than and sometimes greater than those measured by the manufacturer at the time of last calibration (October 2006). This may be due to a problem with the instrument or the method in which the clear water values are measured.
Salinity
Flags were applied to several casts. In the majority of cases, these were due to the presence of spikes in the data at the surface.
Temperature
Flags were applied to several casts. In the majority of cases, these were due to the presence of spikes in the data at the surface.
Oxygen concentration and saturation
Flags were applied to near-surface data in most casts.
Fluorescence
Flags were applied to spikes in the data in 3 casts.
Data Access Policy
Public domain data
These data have no specific confidentiality restrictions for users. However, users must acknowledge data sources as it is not ethical to publish data without proper attribution. Any publication or other output resulting from usage of the data should include an acknowledgment.
The recommended acknowledgment is
"This study uses data from the data source/organisation/programme, provided by the British Oceanographic Data Centre and funded by the funding body."
Narrative Documents
Sea-Bird Dissolved Oxygen Sensor SBE 43 and SBE 43F
The SBE 43 is a dissolved oxygen sensor designed for marine applications. It incorporates a high-performance Clark polarographic membrane with a pump that continuously plumbs water through it, preventing algal growth and the development of anoxic conditions when the sensor is taking measurements.
Two configurations are available: SBE 43 produces a voltage output and can be incorporated with any Sea-Bird CTD that accepts input from a 0-5 volt auxiliary sensor, while the SBE 43F produces a frequency output and can be integrated with an SBE 52-MP (Moored Profiler CTD) or used for OEM applications. The specifications below are common to both.
Specifications
| Housing | Plastic or titanium |
| Membrane | 0.5 mil- fast response, typical for profile applications 1 mil- slower response, typical for moored applications |
| Depth rating | 600 m (plastic) or 7000 m (titanium) 10500 m titanium housing available on request |
| Measurement range | 120% of surface saturation |
| Initial accuracy | 2% of saturation |
| Typical stability | 0.5% per 1000 h |
Further details can be found in the manufacturer's specification sheet.
Prince Madog cruise PD02_09A CTD Instrumentation
The CTD unit was a Sea-Bird Electronics 911plus system (SN P23655-0620), with dissolved oxygen sensor. The CTD was fitted with a red (660 nm) beam transmissometer, a fluorometer, a Sequoia Scientific Laser In-Situ Scattering and Transmissometry (LISST) particle analyser and a LI-COR Underwater Quantum Sensor. The Sea-Bird sensors SBE 3 and 4 were last calibrated by the manufacturer in January 2004. The SBE-43 oxygen sensor was calibrated by the manufacturer in August 2008. Also attached was a Sea-Bird SBE-35 Temperature Logger to supply an independent check of temperature. All instruments were attached to a Sea-Bird SBE 32 compact carousel. The table below lists more detailed information about the various sensors.
| Sensor | Model | Serial Number | Calibration | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pressure transducer | Paroscientific Digiquartz 42A-105 | 76076 | 21/01/2004 | - |
| Conductivity sensor | SBE 4 | 2543 | 14/01/2004 | - |
| Temperature sensor | SBE 3 | P4100 | 21/01/2004 | - |
| Dissolved oxygen | SBE 43 | 1491 | 15/08/2008 | - |
| Transmissometer 660 nm | SeaTech T1000 | T1021 | 03/03/1998 | 0.2 m path |
| Fluorometer | Turner SCUFA II | 262 | - | - |
| LISST | 25 | 120 | 26/10/2006 | Range: 1.25 to 250 µm |
| LI-COR | LI 192SB | 26 | - | - |
| Temperature Logger | SBE-35 | 0041 | 29/05/2005 | - |
Change of sensors during cruise: None reported.
Sampling device
Rosette sampling system equipped with 5 l sampling bottles (Sea-Bird Improved PVC Sample Bottles based on design of Ocean Test Equipment Inc. model 110 bottle).
Sea-Bird Electronics SBE 911 and SBE 917 series CTD profilers
The SBE 911 and SBE 917 series of conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) units are used to collect hydrographic profiles, including temperature, conductivity and pressure as standard. Each profiler consists of an underwater unit and deck unit or SEARAM. Auxiliary sensors, such as fluorometers, dissolved oxygen sensors and transmissometers, and carousel water samplers are commonly added to the underwater unit.
Underwater unit
The CTD underwater unit (SBE 9 or SBE 9 plus) comprises a protective cage (usually with a carousel water sampler), including a main pressure housing containing power supplies, acquisition electronics, telemetry circuitry, and a suite of modular sensors. The original SBE 9 incorporated Sea-Bird's standard modular SBE 3 temperature sensor and SBE 4 conductivity sensor, and a Paroscientific Digiquartz pressure sensor. The conductivity cell was connected to a pump-fed plastic tubing circuit that could include auxiliary sensors. Each SBE 9 unit was custom built to individual specification. The SBE 9 was replaced in 1997 by an off-the-shelf version, termed the SBE 9 plus, that incorporated the SBE 3 plus (or SBE 3P) temperature sensor, SBE 4C conductivity sensor and a Paroscientific Digiquartz pressure sensor. Sensors could be connected to a pump-fed plastic tubing circuit or stand-alone.
Temperature, conductivity and pressure sensors
The conductivity, temperature, and pressure sensors supplied with Sea-Bird CTD systems have outputs in the form of variable frequencies, which are measured using high-speed parallel counters. The resulting count totals are converted to numeric representations of the original frequencies, which bear a direct relationship to temperature, conductivity or pressure. Sampling frequencies for these sensors are typically set at 24 Hz.
The temperature sensing element is a glass-coated thermistor bead, pressure-protected inside a stainless steel tube, while the conductivity sensing element is a cylindrical, flow-through, borosilicate glass cell with three internal platinum electrodes. Thermistor resistance or conductivity cell resistance, respectively, is the controlling element in an optimized Wien Bridge oscillator circuit, which produces a frequency output that can be converted to a temperature or conductivity reading. These sensors are available with depth ratings of 6800 m (aluminium housing) or 10500 m (titanium housing). The Paroscientific Digiquartz pressure sensor comprises a quartz crystal resonator that responds to pressure-induced stress, and temperature is measured for thermal compensation of the calculated pressure.
Additional sensors
Optional sensors for dissolved oxygen, pH, light transmission, fluorescence and others do not require the very high levels of resolution needed in the primary CTD channels, nor do these sensors generally offer variable frequency outputs. Accordingly, signals from the auxiliary sensors are acquired using a conventional voltage-input multiplexed A/D converter (optional). Some Sea-Bird CTDs use a strain gauge pressure sensor (Senso-Metrics) in which case their pressure output data is in the same form as that from the auxiliary sensors as described above.
Deck unit or SEARAM
Each underwater unit is connected to a power supply and data logging system: the SBE 11 (or SBE 11 plus) deck unit allows real-time interfacing between the deck and the underwater unit via a conductive wire, while the submersible SBE 17 (or SBE 17 plus) SEARAM plugs directly into the underwater unit and data are downloaded on recovery of the CTD. The combination of SBE 9 and SBE 17 or SBE 11 are termed SBE 917 or SBE 911, respectively, while the combinations of SBE 9 plus and SBE 17 plus or SBE 11 plus are termed SBE 917 plus or SBE 911 plus.
Specifications
Specifications for the SBE 9 plus underwater unit are listed below:
| Parameter | Range | Initial accuracy | Resolution at 24 Hz | Response time |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Temperature | -5 to 35°C | 0.001°C | 0.0002°C | 0.065 sec |
| Conductivity | 0 to 7 S m-1 | 0.0003 S m-1 | 0.00004 S m-1 | 0.065 sec (pumped) |
| Pressure | 0 to full scale (1400, 2000, 4200, 6800 or 10500 m) | 0.015% of full scale | 0.001% of full scale | 0.015 sec |
Further details can be found in the manufacturer's specification sheet.
Turner Designs Self-Contained Underwater Fluorescence Apparatus (SCUFA)
The Turner Designs SCUFA is a submersible fluorometer for chlorophyll and dye tracing operations that has been designed to operate in a wide range of concentrations, environmental conditions as well as operational modes (profiling or moored deployments). The instrument includes an integrated temperature probe and software which allow for automatic correction of fluorescence data from temperature effects. The superior ambient light rejection eliminates the effects of sunlight and allows the SCUFA to be used in surface waters without the need for external pumps or light shields.
Each instrument can be customised to meet user requirements. Users can choose one of the following channels: chlorophyll a, cyanobacteria (phycocyanin or phycoerythrin pigments), rhodamine WT, fluorescein and turbidity. Instrument options include turbidity, internal data logging and automatic temperature correction.
Three versions of the SCUFA are available: SCUFA I, II and III. SCUFA I and II are used for chlorophyll a applications, while SCUFA III is used for Rhodamine WT. Models II and III include a turbidity channel that is not present on model I. The SCUFA has been out of production since 2008.
Specifications
| Depth rating | 600 m |
| Detector | Photodiode |
| Temperature range | -2 to 40°C |
| Maximum sampling rate | 1Hz- digital 5 Hz- analog |
| Resolution | 12 bit- digital 1.2 mV- analog |
| Dynamic Range | |
| Fluorescence | 4 orders of magnitude |
| Turbidity | 3 orders of magnitude |
The table below presents the specifications for the different channels.
| Specifications | Chlorophyll | Cyanobacteria | Rhodamine WT/Fluorescein |
| Light source | Blue | Orange- PC Blue- PE | Green |
| Excitation/Emission | 460/685 | 595/670 (phycocyanin, PC) 528/573 (phycoerythrin, PE) | 530/600 (rhodamine) 490/580 (fluorescein) |
| Minimum detection Limit | |||
| Fluorescence | 0.02 µg L-1 | 150 cells mL-1 | 0.04 ppb |
| Turbidity | 0.05 NTU | 0.05 NTU | 0.05 NTU |
Further details can be found in the manufacturer's brochure.
LI-COR LI-192 Underwater Quantum Sensor
The LI-192 Underwater Quantum Sensor is used to measure photosynthetic photon flux density and is cosine corrected. The sensor is often referred to as LI-192SA or LI-192SB (the LI-192SB model was superseded by LI-192SA). One of the main differences is that the LI-192SA model includes a built-in voltage output for interfacing with NexSens iSIC and SDL data loggers.
Sensor specifications, current at January 2012, are given in the table below. More information can be found in the manufacturer's LI-192SA andLI-192SB specification sheets.
Sensor Specifications
(Specifications apply to both models unless otherwise stated)
| Absolute Calibration | ± 5 % in air traceable to NBS. |
|---|---|
| Sensitivity | Typically 3 µA per 1000 µmol s-1 m-2 for LI-192SB and 4 µA per 1000 µmol s-1 m-2 for LI-192SA in water. |
| Linearity | Maximum deviation of 1 % up to 10,000 µmol s-1 m-2. |
| Stability | < ± 2 % change over a 1 year period. |
| Response Time | 10 µs. |
| Temperature Dependence | ± 0.15 % per °C maximum. |
| Cosine Correction | Optimized for both underwater and atmospheric use. |
| Azimuth | < ± 1 % error over 360 ° at 45 ° elevation. |
| Detector | High stability silicon photovoltaic detector (blue enhanced). |
| Sensor Housing | Corrosion resistant metal with acrylic diffuser for both saltwater and freshwater applications. Waterproof to withstand 800 psi (5500 kPa) (560 meters). |
SeaTech Transmissometer
Introduction
The transmissometer is designed to accurately measure the the amount of light transmitted by a modulated Light Emitting Diode (LED) through a fixed-length in-situ water column to a synchronous detector.
Specifications
- Water path length: 5 cm (for use in turbid waters) to 1 m (for use in clear ocean waters).
- Beam diameter: 15 mm
- Transmitted beam collimation: <3 milliradians
- Receiver acceptance angle (in water): <18 milliradians
- Light source wavelength: usually (but not exclusively) 660 nm (red light)
Notes
The instrument can be interfaced to Aanderaa RCM7 current meters. This is achieved by fitting the transmissometer in a slot cut into a customized RCM4-type vane.
A red LED (660 nm) is used for general applications looking at water column sediment load. However, green or blue LEDs can be fitted for specilised optics applications. The light source used is identified by the BODC parameter code.
Further details can be found in the manufacturer's Manual.
Sequoia Laser In-situ Sediment Size Transmissometer (LISST)
The Sequoia LISST measures particle size distribution of suspended sediments by laser diffraction. This technique allows particles of various compositions to be measured with a single device and, because the particle volume is roughly of the same order for all sizes, the required dynamic range of the sensors is reduced compared with single-particle counters.
The instrument includes optics for producing a collimated laser beam, a detector array, electronics for signal amplification and processing, a data storage and scheduling computer and a battery system. The primary measurement is the scattering of laser light at a number of angles, which is mathematically inverted to give a grain size distribution, and also scaled to obtain the volume scattering function. The size distribution is presented as concentration in each of 32 logarithmically-spaced grain-size class bins. Optical transmission, water depth and temperature are recorded as supporting measurements.
Several models are available and although the principals of operation are the same, their specifications vary slightly. The specifications for model LISST-100 are provided below.
Specifications
| Optical path length | 5 cm (standard) 2.5 cm (optional) |
| Optical transmission | 12 bit resolution |
| Particle size range | Type B: 1.25 to 250 micron diameter Type C: 2.5 to 500 micron diameter |
| Resolution | 32 size classes, log-spaced |
| VSF angle range | 1.7 to 340 mrad |
| Maximum sample speed | 4 size distributions per second (standard) |
| Temperature range | -10 to 45 °C |
| Temperature resolution | 0.01 °C |
| Pressure range | 0 to 300 m |
| Pressure resolution | 8 cm |
Further details can be found in the manufacturer's manual.
Prince Madog Cruise PD02_09A CTD Processing
Sampling Strategy
A total of 94 CTD profiles were performed during the cruise throughout Liverpool Bay. Rosette bottles were fired throughout the water column on the upcast of most profiles. Data were measured at 24 Hz and averaged to 1 Hz by a PC running SEASAVE, Sea-Bird's data acquisition software. The raw Sea-Bird data, configuration and bottle files were supplied to BODC for further processing.
BODC Processing
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Data Processing
The raw CTD files were processed through the Sea-Bird SBE Data Processing software version 7.18b. Binary (.HEX) files were converted to engineering units and ASCII format (.CNV) using the DATCNV program.
Sea-Bird bottle files (.BTL), with information on pressure and other logged readings at the time of bottle firing, were also generated during the data conversion process.
WILDEDIT was not run on the data as no pressure spikes were present in the casts. FILTER was run on the pressure channel using the recommended time filter of 0.15 s.
Sea-Bird software program ALIGNCTD was run to advance conductivity by 0 s and oxygen by 3 s (within the typical range given in the Sea-Bird manual). No adjustment was made to the temperature channel as the fast sensor response time renders this unnecessary, according to the Sea-Bird literature.
To compensate for conductivity cell thermal mass effects, the data files were run through CELLTM, using alpha = 0.03, 1/beta = 7, typical values for this CTD model given in the Sea-Bird literature. Next, a minimum CTD velocity of 0.0 m s-1 was used for LOOP EDIT in order to exclude scans where the CTD was travelling backwards due to ship's heave. Salinity, density (Sigma-theta kg m-3) and oxygen concentration (ml l-1) were then calculated and added to the output files using the DERIVE program. Finally, the first oxygen concentration channel and first salinity channel (both generated by DATCNV using data un-adjusted by ALIGN CTD and CELLTM) were dropped using STRIP.
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Reformatting
The data were converted from ASCII format into BODC internal format (QXF) using BODC transfer function 357. The following table shows how the variables within the ASCII files were mapped to appropriate BODC parameter codes:
Originator's Parameter Name Units Description BODC Parameter Code Units Comments Pressure, Digiquartz dbar CTD pressure PRESPR01 dbar - Conductivity S m-1 Electrical conductivity of the water column by CTD CNDCST01 S m-1 - Oxygen, SBE 43 ml l-1 Dissolved oxygen concentration from SBE 43 sensor DOXYSU01 µmol l-1 Converted from ml l-1 to µmol l-1 by multiplying the original value by 44.66. Salinity - Practical salinity of the water body by CTD PSALCU01 - Generated by Sea-Bird software from CTD temperature and conductivity data Temperature [ITS-90] °C Temperature of water column by CTD TEMPCU01 °C - Voltage 2 Un-adjusted volts Voltage from CTD PAR Sensor LVLTLD01 Un-adjusted volts - Voltage 3 Un-adjusted volts Beam transmissometer voltage TVLTCR01 Un-adjusted volts - Voltage 4 Un-adjusted volts Fluorescence voltage from CTD SCUFA Turner fluorometer FVLTWS01 Un-adjusted volts - Voltage 6 Un-adjusted volts LISST scatterometer voltage output NVLTLS01 Un-adjusted volts - Voltage 7 Un-adjusted volts LISST transmissometer voltage output TVLTZR01 Un-adjusted volts - - - Potential temperature POTMCV01 °C Generated by BODC using UNESCO Report 38 (1981) algorithm with parameters PSALCC01 and TEMPCC01 - - Sigma-theta SIGTPR01 kg m-3 Generated at BODC using the Fofonoff and Millard (1982) algorithm - - PAR IRRDUV01 µE m-2 s-1 Generated by BODC from calibration of LVLTLD01 - - Beam Attenuation ATTNMR01 m-1 Generated at BODC from calibration of TVLTCR01 - - Salinity PSALCC01 - Generated at BODC from calibration of PSALCU01 - - Temperature TEMPCC01 °C Generated at BODC from calibration of TEMPCU01 - - Oxygen saturation OXYSSU01 % Generated by BODC during transfer using the Benson and Krause (1984) algorithm. -
References
Benson, BB. and Krause, D., 1984. The concentration and isotopic fractionation of oxygen dissolved in freshwater and seawater in equilibrium with the atmosphere. Limnol. Oceanogr., 29(3), 620-632
Fofonoff, NP. and Millard, RC., 1983. Algorithms for computations of fundamental properties of seawater. UNESCO Technical Papers in Marine Science No. 44, 53pp.
UNESCO, 1981. Background papers and supporting data on the International Equation of State of Seawater 1980. UNESCO Technical Papers in Marine Science No. 38, 192pp
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Screening
Reformatted CTD data were transferred onto a graphics work station for visualisation using the in-house editor EDSERPLO. Downcasts and upcasts were differentiated and the limits manually flagged. No data values were edited or deleted. Flagging was achieved by modification of the associated quality control flag to 'M' for suspect values and 'N' for nulls.
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Banking
Once quality control screening was complete, the CTD downcasts were banked. Finally, the data were binned against pressure at 0.5 dbar increments.
Field Calibrations
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Salinity
35 independent salinity samples, obtained from the CTD rosette, were used to calibrate the CTD. Six data points were identified as outliers and removed from the analysis. The offset between CTD salinity and independent salinity (Autosal salinity - CTD salinity) was found, using regression analysis, not be be significantly related to independent salinity at 95% confidence. A calibration equation was derived from the mean offset as follows, based on 29 observations: calibrated salinity = CTD salinity - 0.0434. The RMS error is 0.0645. The standard deviation for this dataset is 0.0656.
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Temperature
145 independent temperature values were compared to pressure and CTD temperature. 18 data points were identified as outliers and were removed from the analysis. The temperature offset (SBE-35 temperature - CTD temperature) was found, using regression analysis, not to be significantly related to SBE-35 temperature at the 95% confidence level. The mean offset is -0.0023 and the standard deviation for this dataset is 0.004556. This is at the lowest level of accuracy for both the SBE-35 and Sea-Bird 911plus CTD (+/- 0.001 °C). Therefore, there was no adjustment to the CTD temperature resulting from the application of manufacturer's coefficients during initial processing.
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Pressure
There were no casts where the CTD pressure was logging in air. No adjustments were made to the values resulting from application of manufacturer's coefficients during the intial processing.
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Beam attenuation
Coefficients M and B were calculated, allowing calibration of the transmissometer with air readings taken during the cruise. M and B are calculated according to SBE Application Note No. 7:
M = (Tw/W0)*(A0-Y0)/(A1-Y1) B= -M*Y1 Where Tw is the percent transmission for pure water for the instrument (92.98%); W0 is the voltage output in pure water (4.649 volts); A0 is the manufacturer's air voltage (4.661 volts); Y0 is the manufacturer's blocked path voltage (0.000 volts); A1 is the cruise maximum air voltage (4.45177 volts); Y1 is the current blocked path voltage (0.00 volts). For this cruise, M and B were calculated to be 20.9400 and 0, respectively.
M and B are then inserted into the following equations (from SBE Application Note No. 7) to obtain calibrated beam attenuation:
whereLight transmission [%] = (M * voltage output) + B Beam attenuation coefficient c = - (1/z) * ln (light transmission [decimal]) M and B are the calibration coefficients, z is the transmissometer path length (0.2 m), light transmission[decimal] is light transmission [%] divided by 100, c = beam attenuation (m-1)
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LISST transmission and scattering
The data are currently uncalibrated. However, the voltages can be calibrated to give optical transmission, beam attenuation, total volume concentration and Sauter mean diameter according to the following manufacturer's constants and calculations:
Optical Transmission = b = (VT-VToff)/(VTO-VToff)
Beam attenuation = -ln(b)/0.025 - units are metres-1, assumes 25 mm path
Total volume concentration = TV = cal*[((VS-VSoff)/b)-(VSO-VSoff)] - units are µl l-1
Sauter mean diameter = SMD = a*[TV/(-ln(b)] - units are µm
Where cal = total volume concentration calibration constant = 160, a = Sauter mean diameter calibration constant = 0.09, VSO = clearwater scattering output = 0.150 V (see note below), VTO = clear water transmission output = 3.215 V (see note below), VSoff = scattering output offset = 0.10 V, VToff = transmission output offset = 0.10 V. Measured outputs are scattering = VS and transmission = VT.
N.B. The clear water values quoted above are supplied by the manufacturer. Ideally these should be replaced by values determined by the LISST calibration cast, during which the instrument is placed in a tank of clean water. However, there is suspicion that these values may not be accurate. There are abnormally high values for some cruises, which the manufacturer suggests may be due to the calibration dip occurring in insufficiently clear water. Therefore, manufacturer's values have been quoted along with values measured by the instrument during previous cruises. Users are advised to use their own discretion in deciding which coefficients to apply.
Date Cruise VT0 VS0 2005-04-05 PD11_05 3.299 0.455 2005-05-10 PD18_05 3.365 0.460 2005-06-14 PD21_05 3.371 0.479 2005-07-13 PD25_05 3.415 0.486 2005-08-16 PD30_05 3.171 0.463 2005-09-14 PD34_05 3.156 0.471 2005-10-26 PD41_05 3.145 0.442 2005-12-13 PD48_05 2.957 0.463 2006-02-05 PD04_06/PD05_06 3.071 0.523 2006-03-05 PD09_06 3.156 0.611 2006-04-04 PD12_06 2.969 0.447 2006-05-08 PD16_06 2.904 0.446 2006-12-12 PD37_06 2.723 0.156 2007-02-12 PD02_07 2.74 0.154 2007-04-15 PD06_07 2.722 0.167 2007-06-29 PD13_07 2.479 0.209 2007-07-25 PD16_07 2.430 0.211 2007-08-28 PD20_07 2.455 0.208 2007-11-20 PD27_07 2.707 0.158 2008-01-08 PD01_08 2.687 0.158 2008-02-12 PD04_08 N/A N/A 2008-03-10 PD07_08 2.66545 0.15873 2008-04-18 PD09_08 2.69353 0.15873 2008-05-12 PD14_08 2.62149 0.18315 2008-06-24 PD19_08 N/A N/A 2008-07-29 PD23_08 2.60562 0.17338 2008-12-09 PD37_08 2.59341 0.15995 2009-02-01 PD02_09A 2.59829 0.15751 -
PAR
During instrument deployment, no effort was made to avoid data collection possibly being affected by ship shadowing. The LI-COR LI 192SB sensor number 26 was calibrated from raw voltages using the CEFAS supplied equation:
PAR = 0.135278*exp(volts*3.4544)
Project Information
Oceans 2025 - The NERC Marine Centres' Strategic Research Programme 2007-2012
Who funds the programme?
The Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) funds the Oceans 2025 programme, which was originally planned in the context of NERC's 2002-2007 strategy and later realigned to NERC's subsequent strategy (Next Generation Science for Planet Earth; NERC 2007).
Who is involved in the programme?
The Oceans 2025 programme was designed by and is to be implemented through seven leading UK marine centres. The marine centres work together in coordination and are also supported by cooperation and input from government bodies, universities and other partners. The seven marine centres are:
- National Oceanography Centre, Southampton (NOCS)
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML)
- Marine Biological Association (MBA)
- Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Marine Science (SAHFOS)
- Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory (POL)
- Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)
- Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)
Oceans2025 provides funding to three national marine facilities, which provide services to the wider UK marine community, in addition to the Oceans 2025 community. These facilities are:
- British Oceanographic Data Centre (BODC), hosted at POL
- Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level (PSMSL), hosted at POL
- Culture Collection of Algae and Protozoa (CCAP), hosted at SAMS
The NERC-run Strategic Ocean Funding Initiative (SOFI) provides additional support to the programme by funding additional research projects and studentships that closely complement the Oceans 2025 programme, primarily through universities.
What is the programme about?
Oceans 2025 sets out to address some key challenges that face the UK as a result of a changing marine environment. The research funded through the programme sets out to increase understanding of the size, nature and impacts of these changes, with the aim to:
- improve knowledge of how the seas behave, not just now but in the future;
- help assess what that might mean for the Earth system and for society;
- assist in developing sustainable solutions for the management of marine resources for future generations;
- enhance the research capabilities and facilities available for UK marine science.
In order to address these aims there are nine science themes supported by the Oceans 2025 programme:
- Climate, circulation and sea level (Theme 1)
- Marine biogeochemical cycles (Theme 2)
- Shelf and coastal processes (Theme 3)
- Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning (Theme 4)
- Continental margins and deep ocean (Theme 5)
- Sustainable marine resources (Theme 6)
- Technology development (Theme 8)
- Next generation ocean prediction (Theme 9)
- Integration of sustained observations in the marine environment (Theme 10)
In the original programme proposal there was a theme on health and human impacts (Theme 7). The elements of this Theme have subsequently been included in Themes 3 and 9.
When is the programme active?
The programme started in April 2007 with funding for 5 years.
Brief summary of the programme fieldwork/data
Programme fieldwork and data collection are to be achieved through:
- physical, biological and chemical parameters sampling throughout the North and South Atlantic during collaborative research cruises aboard NERC's research vessels RRS Discovery, RRS James Cook and RRS James Clark Ross;
- the Continuous Plankton Recorder being deployed by SAHFOS in the North Atlantic and North Pacific on 'ships of opportunity';
- physical parameters measured and relayed in near real-time by fixed moorings and ARGO floats;
- coastal and shelf sea observatory data (Liverpool Bay Coastal Observatory (LBCO) and Western Channel Observatory (WCO)) using the RV Prince Madog and RV Quest.
The data is to be fed into models for validation and future projections. Greater detail can be found in the Theme documents.
Oceans 2025 Theme 3: Shelf and Coastal Processes
Over the next 20 years, UK local marine environments are predicted to experience ever-increasing rates of change - including increased temperature and seawater acidity, changing freshwater run-off, changes in sea level, and a likely increase in flooding events - causing great concern for those charged with their management and protection. The future quality, health and sustainability of UK marine waters require improved appreciation of the complex interactions that occur not only within the coastal and shelf environment, but also between the environment and human actions. This knowledge must primarily be provided by whole-system operational numerical models, able to provide reliable predictions of short and long-term system responses to change.
However, such tools are only viable if scientists understand the underlying processes they are attempting to model and can interpret the resulting data. Many fundamental processes in shelf edge, shelf, coastal and estuarine systems, particularly across key interfaces in the environment, are not fully understood.
Theme 3 addresses the following broad questions:
- How do biological, physical and chemical processes interact within shelf, coastal and estuarine systems, particularly at key environmental interfaces (e.g. coastline, sediment-water interface, thermocline, fronts and the shelf edge)?
- What are the consequences of these interactions on the functioning of the whole coastal system, including its sensitivity and/or resilience to change?
- Ultimately, what changes should be expected to be seen in the UK coastal environment over the next 50 years and beyond and how might these changes be transmitted into the open ocean?
Within Oceans 2025, Theme 3 will develop the necessary understanding of interacting processes to enable the consequences of environmental and anthropogenic change on UK shelf seas, coasts and estuaries to be predicted. Theme 3 will also provide knowledge that can improve the forecasting capability of models being used for the operational management of human activities in the coastal marine environment. Theme 3 is therefore directly relevant to all three of NERC's current strategic priorities; Earth's Life-Support Systems, Climate Change, and Sustainable Economies
The official Oceans 2025 documentation for this Theme is available from the following link: Oceans 2025 Theme 3
Weblink: http://www.oceans2025.org/
Oceans 2025 Theme 3, Work Package 3.3: Bottom Boundary Layer, Optics and Suspended Sediments Processes
This Work Package (WP) is a combination of Work Package 3.3 and 3.4 as proposed in the original Oceans 2025 proposal. It continues and expands the research undertaken in the Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory Dee Experiment project.
Sediment transport process models underpin scientific ability to predict the entrainment of sediments into the water column and the transport of sediments for forecasting seabed and coastal morphodynamic evolution. The difficulty in achieving accurate process models lies with the complex inter-dependence of sediment processes in the bottom boundary layer. Near the bed, the fundamentals of sediment transport are governed by interactions between the sediment transport triad; the bed, the hydrodynamics and the mobile sediments. These three components interrelate, being mutually interactive and interdependent.
POL aim to use a combination of high-frequency underwater acoustics and laser optical measurements to make co-located simultaneous measurements of the triad. These measurements provide an observational framework capable of assessing and advancing the latest sediment transport models available. These measurements will be made in a range of environments, with the objective of achieving significant advances in understanding and modelling capability in coastal sediment transport. POL will also address the dynamics of suspended sediment behaviour in the context of sediment supply to the coastal zone from estuaries, and of coastal water column optical properties. Ths will allow improvement of the modelling accuracy of coastal suspended sediment transport and enable development of a new description of sediment suspension and water opacity that will improve simulation of coastal primary productivity.
The specific objectives are:
- Assess process-based models over different sediment types, cohesive to non-cohesive
- Investigate intra-wave and turbulence processes over flat and rippled beds to improve process based sediment transport models; parameterisation of the process modelling output for input into large-scale area models
- Advance the description and parameterisation of the impact benthic biota has on sediment transport processes (jointly with the Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML))
- Acquire new knowledge of the dynamics of sediment flocculation and its impact on suspended particulate material (SPM) in shelf seas and estuaries
- Provide preliminary formulations for aggregation-disaggregation and test these formulations using shelf sea models of the Eastern Irish Sea
- Develop understanding of the processes that affect the sediment fluxes between estuaries and the adjacent shelf sea.
- Derive and apply formulations of the effects of SPM on optical attenuation and absorption and assess their potential impact on primary productivity using existing models
Fieldwork
The study site chosen by POL for this research was the Dee Estuary, Liverpool Bay. POL performed fieldwork in the Hilbre Channel on the eastern side of the Estuary and the Welsh Channel on the western exit of the Estuary, with emphasis placed on two repeat stations, HC and WC. The fieldwork under Work Package 3.3 commenced in April 2007 and has been summarised below:
| Cruise | Dates | Hilbre Channel | Welsh Channel |
|---|---|---|---|
| PD06_07 | 2007-04-16 to 2007-04-19 | 18 hour CTD station Mooring recovery | 15 hour CTD station Mooring recovery |
| PD04_08 | 2008-02-12 to 2008-02-15 | 25 hour CTD station 2 x mooring deployment | 19 hour CTD station 1 x mooring deployment |
| PD02_09A | 2009-02-02 to 2009-02-04 | 25 hour CTD station 1 x mooring deployment | 22 hour CTD station 1 mooring deployment |
| PD06_09 | 2009-03-03 to 2009-03-05 | 25 hour CTD station Mooring recovery | 18 hour CTD station Mooring recovery |
More detailed information on this Work Package is available at pages 8 - 9 and 9-10 of the official Oceans 2025 Theme 3 document: Oceans 2025 Theme 3
Weblink: http://www.oceans2025.org/
Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory Dee Experiment
Introduction
Sediment transport process models are a vital tool in allowing scientists to predict sediment transport and forecast seabed and coastal morphodynamic evolution. It is however, difficult to obtain accurate models due to the complex inter-dependence of sediment processes in the bottom boundary layer. This inter-dependence is governed by interactions between the sediment transport triad; the bed, the hydrodynamics and the mobile sediments.
Scientific Objectives
- To use a varying suite of instruments to make co-located measurements of the sediment triad
- To provide a framework to allow assessment and improvement of the latest sediment transport models
- To address dynamics of suspended sediments in terms of supply of material to the coastal zone from estuaries
- Development of a new description of suspended sediment and water opacity to improve simulation of coastal primary productivity
Fieldwork
The study site chosen by POL for this research was the Dee Estuary, Liverpool Bay. POL performed fieldwork in the Hilbre Channel on the eastern side of the Estuary and the Welsh Channel on the western exit of the Estuary, with emphasis placed on two repeat stations, HC and WC. The fieldwork started in February 2005 and has been summarised below:
| Cruise | Dates | Hilbre Channel | Welsh Channel |
|---|---|---|---|
| PD03_05 | 2005-02-03 to 2005-02-04 | 25 hour CTD station 3 x mooring deployments | 13 hour CTD station 1 mooring deployment |
| PD07_05 | 2005-03-03 to 2005-03-04 | 23 hour CTD station Mooring recovery | 19 hour CTD station Mooring recovery |
| PD05_06 | 2006-02-08 to 2006-02-10 | 24 hour CTD station 2 x mooring deployment | 22 hour CTD station 1 mooring deployment |
| PD09_06 | 2006-03-06 to 2006-03-09 | 23 hour CTD station Mooring recovery | 25 hour CTD station Mooring recovery |
| PD04_07 | 2007-03-13 to 2007-03-16 | 25 hour CTD station 2 x mooring deployment | 25 hour CTD station 1 mooring deployment |
Funding
The Dee Experiment project was core funded by POL under Programme 2 (Shallow coastal seas) Theme 5 (Coastal and sediment processes) of POL's Science Programme 2001 - 2006. From March 2007 onwards, this core funding was replaced by funding from NERC's Oceans 2025 programme and the Dee Experiment research continued as part of Oceans 2025 Work Package 3.3.
Data Activity or Cruise Information
Cruise
| Cruise Name | PD02/09A |
| Departure Date | 2009-02-02 |
| Arrival Date | 2009-02-04 |
| Principal Scientist(s) | Alejandro J Souza (Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory) |
| Ship | RV Prince Madog |
Complete Cruise Metadata Report is available here
Fixed Station Information
Fixed Station Information
| Station Name | Dee Estuary Station HC |
| Category | Offshore area |
| Latitude | 53° 22.25' N |
| Longitude | 3° 13.94' W |
| Water depth below MSL | 15.0 m |
Dee Estuary Station HC
This station is located within the Hilbre Channel of the Dee Estuary, Liverpool Bay. It is one of two stations repeatedly visited by the Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory (POL) in the Dee. All activities at this site occur within a box bounded by co-ordinates 53.3748°N, 3.2281°W at the north-east corner and 53.36696°N, 3.2367°W at the south-west corner (see figure). Typical depth ranges encountered within the box are 10 m - 20 m.
POL activites can be separated into two groups. These are (i) repeat CTD profiles over tidal cycles; (ii) mooring deployments.
The repeat CTD profile history, to date, for this station is summarised below:
| Cruise | Start Date | End Date | Casts |
| PD07_04 (*) | 2004-03-03 | 2004-03-04 | 56 |
| PD11_04A | 2004-03-30 | 2004-03-31 | 51 |
| PD03_05 (*) | 2005-02-02 | 2005-02-03 | 51 |
| PD07_05 (*) | 2005-03-01 | 2005-03-02 | 34 |
| PD05_06 | 2006-02-08 | 2006-02-09 | 48 |
| PD09_06 | 2006-03-06 | 2006-03-07 | 47 |
| PD04_07 | 2007-03-15 | 2007-03-16 | 51 |
| PD06_07 | 2007-04-16 | 2007-04-17 | 23 |
| PD04_08 | 2008-02-14 | 2008-02-15 | 42 |
| PD02_09A | 2009-02-02 | 2009-02-03 | 49 |
| PD06_09 | 2009-03-04 | 2009-03-05 | 51 |
| PD16_09 | 2009-05-05 | 2009-05-06 | 45 |
| PD22_09 | 2009-06-03 | 2009-06-04 | 50 |
(*)For these cruises, the station ID was HI.
The CTD instrument package for these cruises was a Sea-Bird 911plus, with beam transmissometer, fluorometer, LICOR PAR sensor, LISST-25, and oxygen sensor.
The mooring deployment history for this site is as follows:
| Coverage | Instruments |
| February to March 2005 | 1.2 MHz ADCP, ABS, ADV x 3, Fast CT sampler, LISST-ST, ripple profiler |
| February to March 2006 | ABS, ADV x 2, Fast CT sampler, LISST-ST, ripple profiler |
| February to March 2008 | 1.2 MHz ADCP, 600 kHz ADCP, 3D ripple profiler, ABS, ADV x 3, AML MC7 , LISST-100X, OBS3+ x 3, settling tube |
| February to June 2009 | 1.2 MHz ADCP, 600 kHZ ADCP, 3D ripple profiler, ABS, ADV x 3, AML MC7, LISST-100X, OBS3+ x 3, SBE-37 MicroCAT, SBE-16plus, settling tube |
Key:
ADCP: Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler
ABS: Acoustic Backscatter Sensor
ADV: Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter
Fast CT sampler: Conductivity and Temperature sampler (example is the AML MC7)
LISST: Laser In-Situ Scattering Transmissometer
OBS3+: Optical Backscatter turbidity sensor
SBE-37 MicroCAT: Conductivity and Temperature Sensor
SBE 16plus: Conductivity, temperature, pressure and beam attenuation sensor.
Other Series linked to this Fixed Station for this cruise - 930005 930017 930029 930030 930042 930054 930066 930078 930091 930110 930122 930134 930146 930158 930171 930183 930195 930202 930214 930226 930238 930251 930263 930275 930287 930299 930306 930318 930331 930343 930355 930367 930379 930380 930392 930411 930423 930435 930447 930459 930460 930472 930484 930496 930503 930515 930527 930539
Other Cruises linked to this Fixed Station (with the number of series) - PD02/09A (48) PD04/07 (51) PD04/08 (42) PD06/07 (23) PD06/09 (51)
BODC Quality Control Flags
The following single character qualifying flags may be associated with one or more individual parameters with a data cycle:
| Flag | Description |
|---|---|
| Blank | Unqualified |
| < | Below detection limit |
| > | In excess of quoted value |
| A | Taxonomic flag for affinis (aff.) |
| B | Beginning of CTD Down/Up Cast |
| C | Taxonomic flag for confer (cf.) |
| D | Thermometric depth |
| E | End of CTD Down/Up Cast |
| G | Non-taxonomic biological characteristic uncertainty |
| H | Extrapolated value |
| I | Taxonomic flag for single species (sp.) |
| K | Improbable value - unknown quality control source |
| L | Improbable value - originator's quality control |
| M | Improbable value - BODC quality control |
| N | Null value |
| O | Improbable value - user quality control |
| P | Trace/calm |
| Q | Indeterminate |
| R | Replacement value |
| S | Estimated value |
| T | Interpolated value |
| U | Uncalibrated |
| W | Control value |
| X | Excessive difference |
