Metadata Report for BODC Series Reference Number 2207101

• Metadata Summary

• Problem Reports

• Data Access Policy

• Narrative Documents

• Project Information

• Data Activity or Cruise Information

• Fixed Station Information

• BODC Quality Flags

• SeaDataNet Quality Flags

Metadata Summary

Problem Reports

No Problem Report Found in the Database

Data Access Policy

Open Data

These data have no specific confidentiality restrictions for users. However, users must acknowledge data sources as it is not ethical to publish data without proper attribution. Any publication or other output resulting from usage of the data should include an acknowledgment.

If the Information Provider does not provide a specific attribution statement, or if you are using Information from several Information Providers and multiple attributions are not practical in your product or application, you may consider using the following:

"Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v1.0."

Narrative Documents

Plymouth University Flow Injection Chemiluminescence system with Hamamatsu H8259 photon counting head

An analytical system manufactured by Plymouth University and used by Birchill et al. (2017) to determine concentrations of chemical species in a sample based on the luminescence of the species of interest. The system is normally uniquely assembled for each analysis, and comprises pumps, injection and autosampler valves, preconcentration columns and a Hamamatsu H8259 photon counting head for chemiluminescence detection. The H8259 device includes a side-on photomultiplier tube with a diameter of 28 mm, a high-speed photon counting circuit, and a high-voltage power supply circuit. Depending on the product type number used, the photon counting head device has a spectral response range of 185 nm to 680 nm, 850 nm or 900 nm, and a low dark count in UV to visible or near IR range.

For more information, please see this document: https://www.bodc.ac.uk/data/documents/nodb/pdf/hamamatsu_h8259

Thermo Scientific ELEMENT XR high resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer

A high-resolution (HR) inductively coupled plasma (ICP) mass spectrometer (MS) composed of a dual mode secondary electron multiplier (SEM) and a Faraday detector. The ELEMENT XR instrument has a dynamic range of 5 x 10^7 to 1 x 10^12 counts per second (cps), and allows simultaneous measurement of elements at concentrations over 1000 ug/g.

For more information, please see this document: https://www.bodc.ac.uk/data/documents/nodb/pdf/thermo_scientific_element_xr_hr_icp_ms

Niskin Bottle

The Niskin bottle is a device used by oceanographers to collect subsurface seawater samples. It is a plastic bottle with caps and rubber seals at each end and is deployed with the caps held open, allowing free-flushing of the bottle as it moves through the water column.

Standard Niskin

The standard version of the bottle includes a plastic-coated metal spring or elastic cord running through the interior of the bottle that joins the two caps, and the caps are held open against the spring by plastic lanyards. When the bottle reaches the desired depth the lanyards are released by a pressure-actuated switch, command signal or messenger weight and the caps are forced shut and sealed, trapping the seawater sample.

Lever Action Niskin

The Lever Action Niskin Bottle differs from the standard version, in that the caps are held open during deployment by externally mounted stainless steel springs rather than an internal spring or cord. Lever Action Niskins are recommended for applications where a completely clear sample chamber is critical or for use in deep cold water.

Clean Sampling

A modified version of the standard Niskin bottle has been developed for clean sampling. This is teflon-coated and uses a latex cord to close the caps rather than a metal spring. The clean version of the Levered Action Niskin bottle is also teflon-coated and uses epoxy covered springs in place of the stainless steel springs. These bottles are specifically designed to minimise metal contamination when sampling trace metals.

Deployment

Bottles may be deployed singly clamped to a wire or in groups of up to 48 on a rosette. Standard bottles and Lever Action bottles have a capacity between 1.7 and 30 L. Reversing thermometers may be attached to a spring-loaded disk that rotates through 180° on bottle closure.

CTD bottle dissolved and particulate trace metals for Cruise DY111

Originator's Protocol for Data Acquisition and Analysis

Sampling methodology

Data were collected in the CUSTARD (Carbon Uptake and Seasonal Traits in Antarctic Remineralisation Depth) study area (South East Pacific) at 7 different stations: OOI, TN, TS, Tran_1, Tran_2, Tran_3 and Tran_4. This took place on the RRS Discovery cruise DY111, between the 6^th of December 2019 and the 3^rd of January 2020.

Water column samples were collected from a total of 20 ultra clean CTD (conductivity, temperature and depth) deployments using OTE (Ocean Test Equipment) bottles (10L bottles with external springs for trace metal work, mounted onto the titanium frame with Kevlar conducting wire). Samples were collected following trace metal protocols by Cutter et al., 2010. Further details can be found in Birchill et al., 2017.

All sample processing was conducted in a trace metal clean laboratory using clean handling techniques. Unfiltered water samples were collected for onboard total dissolvable metal analyses (acidified onboard for future analyses). Samples for the determination of dFe were filtered through a 0.2 µm cartridge filter (Sartorius).

Analytical methodology

Samples were drawn from 10L OTE bottles into acid clean LDPE (Low-density polyethylene) bottles, acidified to 0.024M HCl (Hydrochloric acid) (Romil, UpA), and stored for over 9 months before analysis.

Iron was analysed by flow injection with chemiluminescence detection (Obata et al., 1993; Floor et al., 2015), both onboard the ship and subsequently at the University of Plymouth, UK. Top down uncertainty estimate for the analytical technique was reported in Worsfold et al., 2019.

Manganese was analysed by offline preconcentration with subsequent high-resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) (Milne et al., 2010; Rapp et al., 2017) at the University of Southampton, UK.

These data were collected to examine seasonal changes in biogeochemistry in the Southern Ocean across the spring bloom as part of the CUSTARD project (NERC grant NE/P021247/1).

References Cited

Birchill A.J., Milne A., Woodward E.M.S, Harris C., Annett A., Rusiecka D., Achterberg E.P., Gledhill M., Ussher S.J., Worsfold P.J., Geibert W. and Lohan M.C., 2017. Seasonal iron depletion in temperate shelf seas. Geophysical Research Letters, 44 (17), 8987â??8996.

Cutter G., Andersson P., Codispoti L., Croot P., François R., Lohan M.C., Obata H., Rutgers V.D. and Loeff M., 2010.Sampling and Sample-handling Protocols for GEOTRACES Cruises. GEOTRACES International Project Office, 1, 238pp.

Floor G.H., Clough R., Lohan M.C., Ussher S.J., Worsfold P.J. and Quétel C.R., 2015. Combined uncertainty estimation for the determination of the dissolved iron amount content in seawater using flow injection with chemiluminescence detection. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods, 13 (12), 673-686.

Milne A., Landing W., Bizimis M. and Morton P., 2010. Determination of Mn, Fe Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in seawater using high resolution magnetic sector inductively coupled mass spectrometry (HR-ICP-MS). Analytica Chimica Acta, 665 (2), 200-207.

Obata H., Karatani H., and Nakayama E., 1993. Automated determination of iron in seawater by chelating resin concentration and chemiluminescence detection. Analytical Chemistry, 65 (11), 1524-1528.

Rapp I., Schlosser C., Rusiecka D., Gledhill M. and Achterberg E.P., 2017. Automated preconcentration of Fe, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cd, Pb Co, and Mn in seawater with analysis using high-resolution sector field inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Analytica Chimica Acta, 976, 1-13.

Worsfold P.J., Achterberg E.P., Birchill A.J., Clough R., Leito I., Lohan M.C. , Milne A. and Ussher S.J., 2019. Estimating Uncertainties in Oceanographic Trace Element Measurements. Frontiers in Marine Science, 5, 2296-7745.

DY111 Cruise report

Further information can be found in the DY111 Cruise report.

BODC Data Processing Procedures

Data received were loaded into the BODC database using established BODC data banking procedures. A parameter mapping table is provided below:

Values reported as 'probably bad value', 'bad value' and 'value below limit of quantification' by the originator have been flagged 'L' by BODC. Values reported as below the limit of detection have been flagged '<' by BODC. Null values were flagged as '9 (missing value)' or '10 (bottle not sampled)' by the originator. These have been flagged 'N' by BODC. Values the originator flagged as '0 (no quality control)', '1 (good value)' and '2 (probably good value)' have not been flagged by BODC.

Project Information

Carbon Uptake and Seasonal Traits of Antarctic Remineralisation Depth (CUSTARD)

Carbon Uptake and Seasonal Traits of Antarctic Remineralisation Depth (CUSTARD) is a £1.8 million, four-year (2018-2022) research project funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC).

The main aim of the CUSTARD project is to quantify the seasonal drivers of carbon fluxes in a region of the Southern Ocean upper limb, and estimate how long different quantities of carbon are kept out of the atmosphere based on the water flow routes at the observed remineralisation depths. Please visit the CUSTARD web page for more information

CUSTARD is one of three projects funded as part of the Role of the Southern Ocean in the Earth System (RoSES) programme, also known as the Southern Ocean programme. Please see the RoSES project document for more information on the wider programme and the research projects associated with it.

Background

The upper limb of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) represents an important junction in the marine carbon cycle, as the fate of carbon fixed by surface phytoplankton will differ according to how deep it penetrates before being remineralised. If shallow remineralisation occurs, carbon will follow the upper limb circulation and upwell further north, escaping into the atmosphere within decades. On the other hand, deep remineralisation will result in carbon entering the lower limb circulation, with the potential of being retained in the ocean for hundreds of years. Seasonality in plankton dynamics play an important role in remineralisation depth, and CUSTARD aims to resolve all factors contributing to the carbon export out of the region.

Participants

Six different UK-based organisations are directly involved in research for CUSTARD:

• National Oceanography Centre (NOC)
• NERC British Antarctic Survey (BAS)
• University of Southampton
• University of Oxford
• Plymouth University
• University of East Anglia (UEA)

CUSTARD collaborates closely with the US Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI) program through sharing of instruments and platforms at and around the Global Southern Ocean Array. OOI is funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and is managed by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Rutgers University maintains the cyberinfrastructure component, working alongside CUSTARD scientists in the handling and distribution of shared observational data.

Research details

Four Work Packages have been funded by the CUSTARD project, each addressing a separate project objective within the region of study in the south eastern Pacific ocean. These are described briefly below:

• Work Package 1: Obtain an accurate picture of the seasonal air-sea flux and macronutrient drawdown.
  This work package aims at determining the magnitude and variability of air-sea CO2 fluxes and their physical and biogeochemical drivers. High-resolution carbon measurements in the water column, CO2 flux estimates and daily resolved nitrate and silicate observations are combined to better understand the link between seasonal changes in CO2 fluxes and biological variability.

• Work Package 2: Quantify the link between iron and silicate availability and remineralisation depth.
  This work package investigates the annual cycle of phytoplankton dynamics, net production and export of organic material in conjunction with iron availability.

• Work Package 3: Observationally determine the seasonal cycle in remineralisation depth.
  This work package assesses remineralisation depth and its variability using marine snow catchers deployed during the process cruise, and backscatter measurements carried out year-round by gliders.

• Work Package 4: Examine the link between seasonality and remineralisation depth and the trajectory of carbon from the surface out of the upper limb.
  This work package aims to ingest all CUSTARD observational data into models to determine whether seasonal variability in phytoplankton composition is reflected in changes in remineralisation depth, which in turn leads to seasonal variability in the fate of organic carbon leaving the Southern Ocean via the upper limb.

Fieldwork and data collection

All the observational data from the project is collected at and south of the Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI) Global Southern Ocean Array, located south-west of Chile. Data collection activities span from November 2018 to January 2020, and include three cruises, four glider missions, and one mooring.

Cruises

All cruises depart from and return to Punta Arenas (Chile). Cruise activities include deployments and recovery of gliders and a mooring, Conductivity, Temperature and Depth (CTD), trace metal clean GoFlo bottle sampling, Red Camera Frame, Marine Snow Catcher and Underwater Vision Profiler deployments, as well as laboratory incubations with sea water samples. See cruise details below:

Gliders

Two Slocum 1000 MARS gliders (Pancake and Churchill) are deployed from DY096, to collect data continuously for one year until recovery on DY111. The gliders are mounted with CTD sensors, an optode, a fluorometer, and twin backscatter sensors. Pancake failed and its mission ended early in February 2019.

One Rutgers University glider is deployed from DY111, to collect data until recovery at the end of the same cruise. The glider is owned by Rutgers University and the data is shared with CUSTARD. It carries CTD sensors, an optode, a fluorometer, a backscatter sensor and a particle size analyser.

Mooring

Deployment of Global Surface Mooring GS01SUMO-00004 (SUMO-4) during DY096, to take continuous measurements for approximately one year until recovery during DY112. Its location is roughly 54 28 S, 89 02 W. This is an OOI mooring provided and deployed by WHOI, and adapted to integrate NOC lab-on-chip nitrate and silicate sensors.

Contacts

Dr. Adrian Marin (National Oceanography Centre, UK) - Lead Principal Investigator and lead of Work Package 4
Dr. Dorothee Bakker (University of East Anglia, UK) - Lead of Work Package 1
Prof. Mark Moore (University of Southampton, UK) - Lead of Work Package 2
Dr. Stephanie Henson (National Oceanography Centre / University of Southampton, UK) - Lead of Work Package 3

Data Activity or Cruise Information

Data Activity

BODC Sample Metadata Report for DY111_UCCTD_CTD014T

Please note:the supplied parameters may not have been sampled from all the bottle firings described in the table above. Cross-match the Sample Reference Number above against the SAMPRFNM value in the data file to identify the relevant metadata.

Related Data Activity activities are detailed in Appendix 1

Cruise

Complete Cruise Metadata Report is available here

Fixed Station Information

No Fixed Station Information held for the Series

BODC Quality Control Flags

The following single character qualifying flags may be associated with one or more individual parameters with a data cycle:

SeaDataNet Quality Control Flags

The following single character qualifying flags may be associated with one or more individual parameters with a data cycle:

Appendix 1: DY111_UCCTD_CTD014T

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