Metadata Report for BODC Series Reference Number 2209863

• Metadata Summary

• Problem Reports

• Data Access Policy

• Narrative Documents

• Project Information

• Data Activity or Cruise Information

• Fixed Station Information

• BODC Quality Flags

• SeaDataNet Quality Flags

Metadata Summary

Problem Reports

ERWDSO02

At least 33% of cycles within the originator's wind direction (relative to the ship) channel are extremely low ( < 0 deg). Values for ERWDSO02 below 0 deg are outside of BODC parameter limits, indicating there may be a problem with the data. These recorded values may have been linked to the Systron Donner Motionpak II accelerometer working only intermittently, occasionally producing a 'timeout while reading data' error message. In these cases, logging was restarted manually. All values below the parameter limit within this channel were flagged 'M' and all null values were flagged 'N' by BODC as a result.

ERWSSO02

3 of the 795 cycles within the originator's wind speed (relative to the ship) channel are low ( < 0 m/s). Values for ERWSSO02 below 0 m/s are outside of BODC parameter limits, indicating there may be a problem with the data. These recorded values may have been linked to the Systron Donner Motionpak II accelerometer working only intermittently, occasionally producing a 'timeout while reading data' error message. In these cases, logging was restarted manually. All values below the parameter limit within this channel were flagged 'M' by BODC.

The affected parameters used a combination of meteorological tools. The tools used are as follows: Systron Donner Motionpak II accelerometer and Metek uSonic-3 Scientific {formerly: USA-1} ultrasonic anemometer.

ORCHESTRA Air-sea flux data: JR17001 Data Quality Report

Prior to Cruise JR17001, four meteorological sensing systems were installed on the bird table on top of the vessel's foremast. The instruments installed were as follows: a LI-COR 7500 infrared gas analyser, a Metek uSonic-3 Scientific {formerly: USA-1} ultrasonic anemometer, a LP-Research LPMS-RS232AL2 motion sensor and a Systron Donner Motionpak II accelerometer.

Negative (non-null) values that occurred throughout the dataset were flagged 'M' by BODC. Values below 0 for the affected properties within this dataset (ERWDSO02 and EWDASO02) are outside of BODC parameter limits, indicating there may be a problem with the data. Approximately 17% of data across these parameters have the flag 'M' applied.

Null values were flagged 'N' by BODC. These were present for 5 parameters in total (ERWDSO02, EWSBSO04, FVIDSOP2, LHFLSOP1 and SHFLSOP1) with approximately 35% of data across these channels being affected, and having the 'N' flag applied. Throughout the cruise, there are also periods where data was not reported, such as after 23/11/2017 04:26:51, where the next reading is at 26/11/2017 13:10:00. This is due to the Systron Donner instrument working intermittently. These periods are not included within the data file.

The affected parameters used a combination of meteorological tools. The tools used to record this data were as follows: Systron Donner Motionpak II accelerometer, Metek uSonic-3 Scientific {formerly: USA-1} ultrasonic anemometer and LI-COR 7500 infrared gas analyser.

Data Access Policy

Open Data

These data have no specific confidentiality restrictions for users. However, users must acknowledge data sources as it is not ethical to publish data without proper attribution. Any publication or other output resulting from usage of the data should include an acknowledgment.

If the Information Provider does not provide a specific attribution statement, or if you are using Information from several Information Providers and multiple attributions are not practical in your product or application, you may consider using the following:

"Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v1.0."

Narrative Documents

LI-COR LI-7500 and LI-7500A Open Path CO₂/H₂O Gas Analysers

The LI-COR LI-7500 and LI-7500A Open Path CO₂/H₂O Gas Analysers make high speed in situ measurements of carbon dioxide and water vapour in the atmosphere. These gas analysers are commonly used in conjunction with a fast response sonic anemometer to enable carbon dioxide and heat flux determinations through the eddy covariance method. The instruments are normally mounted at a slight tilt to the vertical. This orientation allows water runoff, while minimising obstruction to horizontal air flow.

Carbon dioxide and water vapour are measured using Non-Dispersive Infrared (NDIR) detection. The sensor head has a 12.5 cm open path with single pass optics, and a large diameter optical beam (LI-7500: 1 cm, LI-7500A: 0.8 cm). The infrared source is directed at a chopper filter wheel, which rotates at 9000 rpm. Filters centred at wavelengths of 4.26 µm and 2.59 µm allow determination of absorption by carbon dioxide and water vapour, respectively. Reference filters centred at 3.95 µm account for attenuation at non-absorbing wavelengths. The filtered beam passes through a focussing lens, then through the measurement path to a cooled, lead selenide detector. The windows at either end of the measurement path are made of sapphire for scratch-resistance.

Specifications

The following measurement characteristics are common to both gas analyser models.

The LI-7500A is based on the longer established LI-7500, and the instruments have many characteristics in common. The LI-7500A has additional connectivity and communications, including inputs for auxiliary sensors such as a sonic anemometer, and the facility to log eddy covariance data.

Further details can be found in the manufacturer's specification sheet.

JR17001 Air-sea flux Instrumentation

Prior to the RRS James Clark Ross Cruise JR17001 (21/11/2017 to 21/12/2017) to the Southern Ocean (Drake Passage and West Antarctic Peninsula), four meteorological sensing systems were installed on the bird table on top of the vessel's foremast. Data from these systems were recorded using a Dell PC, housed inside the instrument rack in the ship's mail room, continuously throughout the cruise. Please see the JR17001 cruise report for further information on this processing.

The vessel's foremast was fitted with the following scientific sensors:

Metek uSonic-3 Scientific {formerly: USA-1} ultrasonic anemometer

A high precision 3D sonic anemometer. Typical applications for this device include: meteorological systems, meteorological networks, measuring dispersion parameters for pollution modelling, research stations, industrial sites, air quality forecasts, eddy correlation fluxes, marine and offshore platforms, wind shear detection, wind energy, and wake vortex monitoring. This device takes accurate measurement of 3 wind components and turbulence. Constructed with stainless steel. Optional extensions are sensor head heating, analogue data output, analogue data input, separation of sensor head and electronic, online turbulence calculation. Measuring range 0 to 60 m/s , - 40 to + 70°C. Resolution = 0.01 m/s, 0.1°,0.01 K.

For more information, please see this document: https://www.bodc.ac.uk/data/documents/nodb/pdf/Metek_uSonic_3_Scientific_Datasheet.pdf

LP-Research LPMS-RS232AL2 motion sensor

A high performance motion sensor / MEMS miniature inertial measurement unit (IMU) with waterproof connector design. Applications include human motion capture, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, sports performance evaluation, and drone flight control. It meaures Angular Rate, Acceleration and Magnetic Field Strength, and calculates from these, in real-time: Orientation, Linear acceleration, and Altitude. Integrates 3-axis gyroscope, accelerometer, magnetometer, temperature and barometric pressure sensor in one unit. It has an accuracy of < 0. 5° (static), < 2° RMS (dynamic); Temperature range: - 40 ~ +80°C; and Data output rates of up to 400Hz.

For more information, please see this document: https://www.bodc.ac.uk/data/documents/nodb/pdf/LPMS_RS232AL2.pdf

Systron Donner Motionpak II accelerometer

The BEI Systron Donner Inertial Division MotionPak II is a "solid-state" MEMS six degree-of-freedom inertial sensing system used for measuring angular rates and linear accelerations in instrumentation and control applications. It meaures Angular Rate, Acceleration and Magnetic Field Strength, and calculates from these, in real-time: Orientation, Linear acceleration, and Altitude. The sensor is compact, ruggedly packaged, and built with BEI GyroChip technology. These multi-axis packages allow a pre-combined solution, minimizing the customer burden of sensor integration. The multi-axis sensor assemblies sense roll, pitch and yaw inputs simultaneously on a moving platform.

For more information, please see this document: https://www.bodc.ac.uk/data/documents/nodb/pdf/systrondonner_motionpak_II.pdf

JR17001 ORCHESTRA Air-sea flux data: Originators Data Processing

Sampling Strategy

Prior to the RRS James Clark Ross Cruise JR17001 (21/11/2017 to 21/12/2017) to the Southern Ocean (Drake Passage and West Antarctic Peninsula), four meteorological sensing systems were installed on the bird table on top of the vessel's foremast. The instruments installed were as follows: a LI-COR 7500 infrared gas analyser, a Metek uSonic-3 Scientific {formerly: USA-1} ultrasonic anemometer, a LP-Research LPMS-RS232AL2 motion sensor and a Systron Donner Motionpak II accelerometer. Data from these systems were recorded using a Dell PC, housed inside the instrument rack in the ship's mail room, continuously throughout the cruise.

Air-sea fluxes of sensible heat, latent heat (H₂O) and momentum were directly measured on JR17001 using the eddy covariance method. This required rapid (>= 10 Hz) sampling of the following:

• 3-dimensional wind velocities and air temperature using a Metek uSonic-3 Scientific ultrasonic anemometer
• 3-dimensional acceleration and rotation using two separate instruments (Systron Donner Motionpak II accelerometer; and a LPMS-RS232AL2 motion sensor)
• H₂O mixing ratio in the atmosphere (LI-COR 7500 infrared gas analyser)

Data Processing

All data streams were logged continuously and saved in hourly files, beginning on top of the hour. The status of the four data streams was examined shortly after arrival on board. The LI-COR and Metek systems were recording correctly, but the Systron Donner system's recording had halted on the 10^th October, and the LPMS data were being incorrectly written. The existing data were transferred from the computer into a 2TB Maxtor external drive and the systems were restarted. All macros were modified so that data would now be logged on the external drive. The LI-COR and Metek systems continued to work correctly. The Systron Donner worked intermittently, occasionally producing a 'timeout while reading data' error message. In these cases, logging was restarted manually. The LPMS system no longer functioned after the 10^th of October so the motion data from the Motionpak II (which also had frequent gaps) were used.

Data processing was done in Matlab and Igor Pro, and involved the following main steps:

1. Motion correction of winds:
   3-D Metek wind velocities, linear accelerations, rotation rates, and ship's heading and speed were first harmonized in Igor Pro, resulting in hourly files. In Matlab, motion corrections of the measured winds were done in hourly blocks following Edson et al. (1998) and Yang et al. (2013). This generated 10 Hz motion-corrected wind velocities U (along the direction of wind), V (across the direction of wind), and W (in the vertical) in hourly files.

The friction velocity (u*), in m/s, was computed as (<U'W'>² + <V'W'>²)^1/4
where <> indicates averaging

Sonic heat flux, in W/m², was computed as <Ts'W'>*Cpa*ρ
where Ts is the sonic temperature, Cpa is heat capacity of air, and ρ is the density of air

Latent heat (H₂O) flux, in W/ m², was computed as <H₂O'W>*M_H2O*Le
where M_H2O is the molar mass of water and Le is the latent heat of evaporation.

• Consistent and minimally distorted winds: relative wind direction 120 degrees either side of the bow; standard deviation in relative wind direction < 20 degrees, variance in true wind speed < 15 m²/s², variance in W < 3 m²/s², vertical tilt angle between 0 and 10 degrees.
• Ship motion not excessive: variance along the ship, across the ship, and in the vertical < 1.4, 0.8, and 4 m²/s², respectively.
• Consistent ship heading and speed: standard deviation in heading < 40 degrees, change in heading from one 20-min segment to the next < 30 degrees, change in ship speed from one 20-min segment to the next < 3 knots.
• Tests for integral turbulence characteristics (Foken and Wichura, 1996), stationarity (Foken and Wichura, 1996), and skewness and kurtosis (Vickers and Mahrt, 1997).
• For latent heat flux, LI-COR mean signal strength < 61, standard deviation in signal strength < 0.005, standard deviation in H₂O mixing ratio < 2000 ppm, and mean H₂O mixing ratio between -2000 and 40000 ppm. Because rain causes excessive noise in the H₂O measurement, only periods when the relative humidity < 95% were kept.

Overall, 63% of u* and sonic heat flux, and 24% of the latent heat flux passed the above criteria. The very low data retention for latent heat flux is due to frequent (and sometimes frozen) precipitation in the Southern Ocean, which covers the LI-COR lens and makes data excessively noisy.

u*: the momentum cospectrum shows some high frequency attenuation in flux. Noise / slow response in the horizontal wind velocities were deemed the most likely reason for this, since a similar feature was not apparent in the heat flux cospectra. To correct for this, the momentum cospectrum was fitted from 0.0009 to 0.2 Hz with the theoretical Kaimal function (computed at the actual relative wind speed, sensor height, and stability; Kaimal et al. 1972). The ratio between the fitted Kaimal spectra and the measured spectra was computed for every valid 20-minute flux segments, and from this the mean correction factor for momentum flux was determined. The square root of this correction factor was applied to the measured u*, resulting in an increase in u* by an average of 7.5%.

Sensible heat flux: a small latent heat correction to the sonic heat flux was needed to yield sensible heat flux. This is because the sonic temperature (close to virtual temperature) is different from the true air temperature due to the presence of water vapor (Schotanus et al. 1983):

Sensible heat flux = sonic heat flux - 0.51 * (Ta+273.15)*latent heat flux/Le*Cpa
where Ta is the segment mean air temperature. Latent heat flux here could be from eddy covariance or taken from the COARE3.5 model (Edson et al. 2013; see point 6 below).

Latent heat flux: a comparison of H₂O mixing ratio measured by the LI-COR instrument vs. H₂O computed from air temperature and pressure suggests that the LI-COR overestimated H₂O by a gain factor of about 20%. Then the measured latent heat flux was divided by 1.2 to yield the corrected flux.

Further information on this processing can be found in the JR17001 cruise report.

References

Berry D., Moat B. and Yelland M., 2001. Air distortion at instrument sites on the RRS James Clark Ross, Southampton Oceanography Centre, Internal Document No. 75.

Edson J., Hinton A., Prada K., Hare J. and Fairall C.,1998. Direct covariance flux estimates from mobile platforms at sea, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 15,547-562.

Edson J.B., Jampana V., Weller R.A., Bigorre S.P., Pluedde-mann A.J., Fairall C.W., Miller S.D., Mahrt L., Vickers D. and Hersbach H., 2013. On the exchange of momentum over the open ocean, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 43, 1589-1610, doi:10.1175/JPO-D- 12-0173.1.

Foken T. and Wichura B., 1996. Tools for quality assessment of surface- based flux measurements 1, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 78, 83-105, doi:10.1016/0168-1923(95)02248-1.

Kaimal J.C., Wyngaard J.C., Izumi Y. and Cote O.R., 1972. Spectral characteristics of surface-layer turbulence, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 98, 563-589.

Schotanus P., Nieuwstadt F.T.M. and DeBruin H.A.R., 1983. Temperature measurement with a sonic anemometer and its application to heat and moisture fluctuations. Boundary-Layer Meteorol, 26, 81-93.

Vickers D. and Mahrt L., 1997. Quality control and flux sampling problems for tower and aircraft data, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 14, 512-526, doi:10.1175/1520- 0426(1997)014<0512:QCAFSP>2.0.CO;2.

Yang M., Nightingale P., Beale R., Liss P., Blomquist B. and Fairall C., 2013. Atmospheric deposition of methanol over the Atlantic Ocean, P. Natl. Acad. Sci., doi:10.1073/pnas.1317840110, 110, 20034-20039.

JR17001 ORCHESTRA Air-sea flux data: Processing by BODC

Prior to the RRS James Clark Ross Cruise JR17001 (21/11/2017 to 21/12/2017) to the Southern Ocean (Drake Passage and West Antarctic Peninsula), four meteorological sensing systems were installed on the bird table on top of the vessel's foremast. The instruments installed were as follows: a LI-COR 7500 infrared gas analyser, a Metek uSonic-3 Scientific {formerly: USA-1} ultrasonic anemometer, a LP-Research LPMS-RS232AL2 motion sensor and a Systron Donner Motionpak II accelerometer. Data from these systems were recorded using a Dell PC, housed inside the instrument rack in the ship's mail room, continuously throughout the cruise. The LI-COR and Metek systems worked correctly. The Systron Donner worked intermittently, occasionally producing a 'timeout while reading data' error message. In these cases, logging was restarted manually. The LPMS system no longer functioned after the 10^th of October, so the motion data from the Motionpak II (which also had frequent gaps) were used instead.

Please see the JR17001 cruise report for further detail.

The data were supplied to BODC as two .txt files and were converted to the BODC internal format. One file contained directly measured fluxes by the eddy covariance (EC) method (20 min average); the other file contained bulk fluxes computed using the COARE3.5 algorithm (10 min average), as well as the meteorological data. The direct measurement variables were mapped to BODC parameter codes as follows:

All reformatted data were visualised using the in-house Edserplo software and screened for suspect and missing data.

Model data are archived at BODC and are available on request.

Project Information

Ocean Regulation of Climate by Heat and Carbon Sequestration and Transports (ORCHESTRA)

The Ocean Regulation of Climate by Heat and Carbon Sequestration and Transports (ORCHESTRA) is a £8.4 million, five year (2016-2021) research programme funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC). The aim of the research is to to advance the understanding of, and capability to predict, the Southern Ocean's impact on climate change via its uptake and storage of heat and carbon. The programme will significantly reduce uncertainties concerning how this uptake and storage by the ocean influences global climate, by conducting a series of unique fieldwork campaigns and innovative model developments.

Background

ORCHESTRA represents the first fully-unified activity by NERC institutes to address these challenges, and will draw in national and international partners to provide community coherence, and to build a legacy in knowledge and capability that will transcend the timescale of the programme itself.

It brings together science teams from six UK research institutions to investigate the role that the Southern Ocean plays in our changing climate and atmospheric carbon draw-down. It is led by British Antarctic Survey, in partnership with National Oceanography Centre, British Geological Survey, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, the Centre for Polar Observation and Modelling and the Sea Mammal Research Unit.

The oceans around Antarctica play a critical a key role in drawing down and storing large amounts of carbon and vast quantities of heat from from the atmosphere. Due to its remoteness and harsh environment, the Southern Ocean is the world's biggest data desert, and one of the hardest places to get right in climate models. The ORCHESTRA programme will make unique and important new measurements in the Southern Ocean using a range of techniques, including use of the world-class UK research vessel fleet, and deployments of innovative underwater robots. The new understanding obtained will guide key improvements to the current generation of computer models, and will enhance greatly our ability to predict climate into the future.

The scope of the programme includes interaction of the Southern Ocean with the atmosphere, exchange between the upper ocean mixed layer and the interior and exchange between the Southern Ocean and the global ocean.

Further details are available on the ORCHESTRA page.

Participants

Six different organisations are directly involved in research for ORCHESTRA. These institutions are:

• British Antarctic Survey (BAS)
• National Oceanography Centre (NOC)
• Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML)
• British Geological Survey (BGS)
• Centre for Polar Observation and Modelling (CPOM)
• Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)

GO-SHIP are a third party organisation that, although not directly involved with the programme, will conduct ship based observations that will also be used by ORCHESTRA.

Research details

Three Work Packages have been funded by the ORCHESTRA programme. These are described in brief below:

• Work Package 1: Interaction of the Southern ocean with the atmosphere
  WP1 will use new observations of surface fluxes and their controlling parameters in order to better constrain the exchanges of heat and carbon loss across the surface of the Southern Ocean.

• Work Package 2: Exchange between the upper ocean mixed layer and the interior.
  This work package will combine observationally-derived data and model simulations to determine and understand the exchanges between the ocean mixed layer and its interior.

• Work Package 3: Exchange between the Southern Ocean and the global ocean .
  This WP will use budget analyses of the hydrographic/tracer sections to diagnose the three-dimensional velocity field of the waters entering, leaving and recirculating within the Southern Atlantic sector of the Southern ocean.

• Fieldwork and data collection

  The campaign consists of 12 core cruises on board the NERC research vessels RRS James Clark Ross and RRS James Cook and will include hydrographic/tracer sections conducted across Drake Passage (SR1b), the northern Weddell Sea/Scotia Sea (A23), the northern rim of the Weddell Gyre (ANDREXII) and across the South Atlantic (24S). Section I6S will be performed by GO-SHIP Project Partners. Measurements will include temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, velocity, dissolved inorganic carbon, total alkalinity, inorganic nutrients, oxygen and carbon isotopes, and underway meteorological and surface ocean observations including pCO₂.

  Tags will be deployed on 30 Weddel seals and these will provide temperature and salinity profiles that can be used alongside the Argo data.

  Autonomous underwater ocean gliders will conduct multi-month missions and will deliver data on ocean stratification, heat content, mixed layer depth and turbulent mixing over the upper 1 km, with previously-unobtainable temporal resolution. These gliders will be deployed in the Weddell Gyre and the ACC.

  Field campaigns with the MASIN meteorological aircrafts will be conducted flying out of Rothera and Halley research stations and the Falkland Islands. These campaigns will deliver information on key variables relating to air-sea fluxes (surface and air temperature, wind, humidity, atmospheric CO₂, radiation, turbulent fluxes of heat, momentum and CO₂), in different sea ice conditions and oceanic regimes.

  Eart Observation datasets will be used to inform the programme on the properties of the ocean, sea ice and atmosphere and on interactions between them.

  A cluster of 6 deep ocean moorings in the Orkney Passage will collect year round series of AABW temperatre and transport. This work connects to the NERC funded project Dynamics of the Orkney Passage Outflow (DYNOPO).

  The UK Earth System model (UKESM) and underlying physical model will be used to conduct analyses of heat and carbon uptake and transport by the Southern Ocean and their links to wider climate on decadal timescales.

  An eddy-resolving (1/12°) sector model of the ocean south of 30°S with 75 vertical levels, will be built using the NEMO model coupled to the Los Alamos sea ice (CICE) model. The improvements on the ocean boundary layer will be based from the results from the NERC-funded OSMOSIS project and the inclusion of tides.

  20-5 year runs of an adjoint model will be conducted to determine how key forcings and model states affect the uptake and subduction of heat and carbon by the ocean.

Ocean Regulation of Climate by Heat and Carbon Sequestration and Transports (ORCHESTRA)- Work Package 1

Work Package 1 addresses the Interaction of the Southern Ocean with the Atmosphere and the research will be conducted by the National Oceanography Centre (NOC), the British Antarctic Survey (BAS), the Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML) and the Centre for Polar Observation and Modelling(CPOM).

To address Q1, WP1 will make and use new observations (T1, T4) of surface fluxes and their controlling parameters to better constrain the exchanges of heat and carbon across the surface of the Southern Ocean. This will be conducted across a range of conditions: the open ocean, partially ice-covered regions such as leads (cracks) and polynyas, and solid pack-ice.

New instruments will be tested for the measurement of air-sea-ice gas fluxes using laser absorption spectroscopy on RRS James Clark Ross, and to assess their capability to provide accurate surface flux observations. Within this assessment, a comparison with cavity ring-down spectrometer CO2 flux measurements from aircraft flights in a range of surface conditions will be included. An autonomous system integrating sensors, data logging and flux analysis processing will be developed for ORCHESTRA, and for future use on ships of opportunity. A system to quality control historical surface flux and flux-related data from research vessels will also be developed and analysis of existing observations made in the unique conditions of the Southern Ocean will be made.

ORCHESTRA will integrate the new and existing observations to critically assess current state of the art fields of flux and flux-related parameters in atmospheric and oceanic reanalyses, used widely to force ocean models. An assessment of new Earth Observation (EO) measurements and products (T5) that may more accurately represent the surface parameters that control air-sea exchange will be done. Measurement, sampling and structural uncertainties in flux parameterisations will be determined from direct flux measurements, including those made directly by ORCHESTRA. Tests on whether existing parameterisations are suitable for calculating air-sea exchange under the extreme Southern Ocean conditions will be done, with improved parameterisations to be proposed depending on the achieved results.

The sensitivity of heat and carbon fluxes in ocean-only models to realistic uncertainty in both forcing fields and flux parameterisations will be assessed via an adjoint modelling approach (T9). Perturbation experiments will quantify the impact of uncertainty in surface forcing on the model estimates of the ocean state and key processes (T8). The air-sea-ice fluxes of heat, momentum and CO2 in the climate and Earth System simulations (T7) will be assessed at both high and low resolution using observations and uncertainty estimates from ORCHESTRA. These assessments will be used to understand flux-related biases in the UK Earth System Model (UK-ESM), important in reducing the unrealistically warm Southern Ocean near-surface temperatures seen in this and other models.

Data Activity or Cruise Information

Cruise

Complete Cruise Metadata Report is available here

Fixed Station Information

No Fixed Station Information held for the Series

BODC Quality Control Flags

The following single character qualifying flags may be associated with one or more individual parameters with a data cycle:

SeaDataNet Quality Control Flags

The following single character qualifying flags may be associated with one or more individual parameters with a data cycle: