Southern Ocean: Drake Passage, Weddell Sea, Powell Basin

Air pressure; Carbon concentrations in suspended particulate material; Atmospheric humidity; Raw fluorometer output; Bathymetry and Elevation; Salinity of the water column; Temperature of the water column; Acoustic backscatter in the water column; Silicate concentration parameters in the water column; Chlorophyll pigment concentrations in water bodies; Dissolved oxygen parameters in the water column; Sound velocity and travel time in the water column; Horizontal spatial co-ordinates; Platform or instrument orientation; Visible waveband radiance and irradiance measurements in the atmosphere; Visible waveband radiance and irradiance measurements in the water column; Electrical conductivity of the water column; Nitrogen concentrations in suspended particulate material; Air temperature; Raw light meter output; Wind strength and direction

Anemometers; fluorometers; thermosalinographs; multi-beam echosounders; salinity sensor; elemental analysers; spectrophotometers; Differential Global Positioning System receivers; transmissometers; water temperature sensor; meteorological packages

This dataset consists of measurements of temperature, pressure and depth collected using conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) casts, chlorophyll, water chemistry and biogenic silica data taken from CTD and underway samples, and underway meteorology, navigation and sea surface hydrography. Data were collected in the Southern Ocean, specifically the Drake Passage, Weddell Sea and Powell Basin, on the RRS James Clark Ross cruises JR255A (20 January to 03 February 2012) and recovery cruise JR255B (04 February to 22 March 2012). Biogenic silica and chlorophyll samples were collected from the non-toxic underway and CTD Niskin bottles, filtered, dried and processed spectrophotometrically post-cruise. Similarly, water chemistry samples were collected, filtered and dried before post-cruise processing with an elemental analyser. A SeaBird CTD rosette was launched at stations throughout the cruise collecting temperature, pressure and depth values with an attached deep ocean thermometer collecting temperature data, which were used to calibrate the CTD data. The underway oceanlogger was running through the duration of the cruises, excepting times for cleaning, entering and leaving port, and while alongside. The data were collected as part of the "Gliders: Excellent New Tools for Observing the Ocean (GENTOO)" project. The objectives of GENTOO are: (i) To quantify and understand the possible new source of dense water overflow and its variability; to determine the outflow's potential as an early indicator of Antarctic climate change; to assess the impact of changing dense overflows on the locations and strengths of the surface currents and frontal jets; to provide valuable constraints for climate models that describe how changes in ocean circulation feedback on and regulate climate change in polar latitudes. (ii) To determine the krill biomass distribution and (temporal and spatial) variability to the east of the Antarctic Peninsula and its likely impact on the circumpolar krill ecosystem; to assess the impact of any variations in the location of the frontal jets (from objective i) on the krill biomass distribution; to alleviate a severe regional lack of field data on krill, a key species in the Antarctic food web. To achieve the two objectives, our technological deliverable is a critical evaluation of our ability to measure (a) current velocity from a glider and (b) krill biomass from a glider. The data were collected under NERC lead grant NE/H01439X/1, with child grants NE/H014217/1, NE/H014756/1 and NE/H015078/1. The principal investigators were Prof. Karen Heywood, University of East Anglia, Environmental Sciences; Prof. Gwyn Griffiths, National Oceanography Centre, Science and Technology; Dr. Sophie Fielding, NERC British Antarctic Survey, Science Programmes; Dr. Stuart Bruce Dalziel, University of Cambridge, Applied Maths and Theoretical Physics. With regard the samples data (biogenic silica, water chemistry and chlorophyll) it is important to note that these data ARE NOT the property of NERC. They belong to Walker Smith of the Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS), who has supplied them in support of GENTOO. As such, he must be credited for use of the data. The CTD and underway navigation, meteorology and sea surface hydrography data have been received by BODC as raw files from the RRS James Clark Ross, are currently being processed and are available in raw format from BODC enquiries. The SBE-35 Deep Ocean Thermometer and biogenic silica, chlorophyll-a and particulate organic carbon/nitrogen samples data have been received by BODC as raw files from the RRS James Clark Ross, processed and quality controlled using in-house BODC procedures and will be made available online in the near future.

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