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Metadata Report for BODC Series Reference Number 1081969


Metadata Summary

Data Description

Data Category CTD or STD cast
Instrument Type
NameCategories
Sea-Bird SBE 43 Dissolved Oxygen Sensor  dissolved gas sensors
Chelsea Technologies Group 2-pi PAR irradiance sensor  radiometers
Sea-Bird SBE 911plus CTD  CTD; water temperature sensor; salinity sensor
Sea-Bird SBE 3plus (SBE 3P) temperature sensor  water temperature sensor
Sea-Bird SBE 4C conductivity sensor  salinity sensor
Chelsea Technologies Group Aquatracka III fluorometer  fluorometers
Paroscientific 415K Pressure Transducer  water temperature sensor; water pressure sensors
Instrument Mounting lowered unmanned submersible
Originating Country United Kingdom
Originator Dr Rob Thomas
Originating Organization British Oceanographic Data Centre, Liverpool
Processing Status banked
Online delivery of data Download available - Ocean Data View (ODV) format
Project(s) Oceans 2025 Theme 10 SO1:AMT
 

Data Identifiers

Originator's Identifier CTD056_ODV
BODC Series Reference 1081969
 

Time Co-ordinates(UT)

Start Time (yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm) 2011-10-28 13:35
End Time (yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm) 2011-10-28 14:28
Nominal Cycle Interval 1.0 decibars
 

Spatial Co-ordinates

Latitude 21.09279 S ( 21° 5.6' S )
Longitude 25.07704 W ( 25° 4.6' W )
Positional Uncertainty 0.0 to 0.01 n.miles
Minimum Sensor or Sampling Depth 5.0 m
Maximum Sensor or Sampling Depth 505.0 m
Minimum Sensor or Sampling Height 4587.0 m
Maximum Sensor or Sampling Height 5087.0 m
Sea Floor Depth 5092.0 m
Sea Floor Depth Source -
Sensor or Sampling Distribution Variable common depth - All sensors are grouped effectively at the same depth, but this depth varies significantly during the series
Sensor or Sampling Depth Datum Instantaneous - Depth measured below water line or instantaneous water body surface
Sea Floor Depth Datum Instantaneous - Depth measured below water line or instantaneous water body surface
 

Parameters

BODC CODERankUnitsTitle
ACYCAA011DimensionlessSequence number
CPHLPS011Milligrams per cubic metreConcentration of chlorophyll-a {chl-a CAS 479-61-8} per unit volume of the water body [particulate >unknown phase] by in-situ chlorophyll fluorometer and calibration against sample data
DOXYSC011Micromoles per litreConcentration of oxygen {O2 CAS 7782-44-7} per unit volume of the water body [dissolved plus reactive particulate phase] by Sea-Bird SBE 43 sensor and calibration against sample data
DWIRPP011Watts per square metreDownwelling 2-pi scalar irradiance as energy of electromagnetic radiation (PAR wavelengths) in the water body by 2-pi scalar radiometer
OXYSSC011PercentSaturation of oxygen {O2 CAS 7782-44-7} in the water body [dissolved plus reactive particulate phase] by Sea-Bird SBE 43 sensor and calibration against sample data and computation from concentration using Benson and Krause algorithm
PRESPR011DecibarsPressure (spatial coordinate) exerted by the water body by profiling pressure sensor and correction to read zero at sea level
PSALCC021DimensionlessPractical salinity of the water body by CTD (second sensor) and computation using UNESCO 1983 algorithm and calibration against independent measurements
SIGTPR021Kilograms per cubic metreSigma-theta of the water body by CTD (second sensor) and computation from salinity and potential temperature using UNESCO algorithm
TEMPST021Degrees CelsiusTemperature of the water body by CTD or STD (second sensor)
UWIRPP011Watts per square metreUpwelling 2-pi scalar irradiance as energy of electromagnetic radiation (PAR wavelengths) in the water body by 2-pi scalar radiometer

Definition of Rank

  • Rank 1 is a one-dimensional parameter
  • Rank 2 is a two-dimensional parameter
  • Rank 0 is a one-dimensional parameter describing the second dimension of a two-dimensional parameter (e.g. bin depths for moored ADCP data)

Problem Reports

No Problem Report Found in the Database

Discovery Cruise D371 AMT21 CTD Data Quality Document

Temperature, salinity and sigma-theta: Entrainment features were visible in a number of casts, both in the frame mounted (primary) and vane mounted (secondary channels). These features were apparent throughout the thermocline/pycnocline and continued down to approximately 200 dbar. The level of entrainment can be indicated by a variation between data points of 0.2 °C in the temperature, of 0.03 in the salinity and 0.1 kg m-3 in sigma-theta. Observations of the data indicated that the vane mounted sensors suffered less from entrainment than did the sensors in the frame (due to their position outside the water mass of the CTD frame structure) and therefore the secondary temperature, salinity and density were retained for banking in the NODB, while primary channels were discarded.

Chlorophyll: In circumstances where data were collected at pressures > 200 dbar, negative concentrations were frequently visible. These were flagged as anomalous. These resulted from the chlorophyll calibration being optimised for the euphotic zone, in particular the fluorescence/chlorophyll maximum. There were casts (CTD009, CTD020, CTD022, CTD029) with notable maxima above the Deep Chlorophyll Maximum (DCM) but no flags were applied to these profiles as no outliers could be identified.

Down and up-welling PAR irradiance: Optics casts were taken pre-dawn and at solar noon. Therefore, for almost half the casts, the PAR values are negligible as they were recorded in the dark. Participants on the cruise noted a number of occasions where the vessel was not held on station with the sun on the starboard side of the vessel (where the CTD and optics rigs were deployed) for the solar noon optics station. For these casts, the CTD frame had therefore to descend through the ship's shadow. In two instances (CTD022 and CTD024), this led to the downwelling irradiance values in the near-surface section of the profile (approximately the top 50 dbar) being flagged. The upwelling signal for these casts did not appear affected in the same way and was left un-flagged. There were a number of other profiles where there were near-surface variations in both the upwelling and downwelling channels. In these instances, it was judged that the variation was most likely due to changes in cloud cover and the casts (CTD014, CTD038, CTD040, CTD044, CTD047, CTD049, CTD056, CTD058, CTD060, CTD064) were left un-flagged.


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Open Data

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Narrative Documents

Sea-Bird Dissolved Oxygen Sensor SBE 43 and SBE 43F

The SBE 43 is a dissolved oxygen sensor designed for marine applications. It incorporates a high-performance Clark polarographic membrane with a pump that continuously plumbs water through it, preventing algal growth and the development of anoxic conditions when the sensor is taking measurements.

Two configurations are available: SBE 43 produces a voltage output and can be incorporated with any Sea-Bird CTD that accepts input from a 0-5 volt auxiliary sensor, while the SBE 43F produces a frequency output and can be integrated with an SBE 52-MP (Moored Profiler CTD) or used for OEM applications. The specifications below are common to both.

Specifications

Housing Plastic or titanium
Membrane

0.5 mil- fast response, typical for profile applications

1 mil- slower response, typical for moored applications

Depth rating

600 m (plastic) or 7000 m (titanium)

10500 m titanium housing available on request

Measurement range 120% of surface saturation
Initial accuracy 2% of saturation
Typical stability 0.5% per 1000 h

Further details can be found in the manufacturer's specification sheet.

Discovery Cruise D371 AMT21 CTD Instrumentation

The CTD unit was a Sea-Bird Electronics 911plus system, with dissolved oxygen sensor. The CTD was fitted with up and downwelling PAR sensors, a BBRTD, transmissometer and a fluorometer. All instruments were attached to a 24 position stainless steel Sea-Bird SBE 32 carousel (s/n 32-37898-0518). The table below lists more detailed information about the various sensors.

Sensor Model Serial Number Calibration Date Comments
Sea-Bird deck unit 11plus 11P-34173-0676 - -
Sea-Bird underwater unit 9plus 46253-0869 - Deployed for casts 1-32
Sea-Bird underwater unit 9plus n/a - Deployed for casts 33-74
Pressure transducer Paroscientific 410K-134 Digiquartz temperature compensated pressure sensor 100898 2009-07-31 Deployed for casts 1-32
Pressure transducer Paroscientific 415K-187 Digiquartz temperature compensated pressure sensor 90074 2008-11-17 Deployed for casts 33-74
Conductivity sensor 1 SBE 4C 2571 2011-08-03 -
Conductivity sensor 2 SBE 4C 3054 2011-08-03 -
Temperature sensor 1 SBE 3P 4151 2011-08-05 -
Temperature sensor 2 SBE 3P 2919 2011-08-04 -
Dissolved oxygen SBE 43 1624 2010-08-26 -
Fluorometer Chelsea AQUA tracka MkIII 88-2050-095 2011-04-21 -
PAR sensor - downwelling irradiance Chelsea 2-pi PAR sensor 06 2010-10-01 -
PAR sensor - upwelling irradiance Chelsea 2-pi PAR sensor 07 2010-10-01 -
Scattering meter WetLabs BBRTD BBRTD-849 2011-06-29 Deployed for casts 1-10
Scattering meter WetLabs BBRTD BBRTD-169 2010-04-14 Deployed for casts 11-74
Transmissometer WetLabs C-star CST-1426DR 2011-06-22 0.25 m path red light

Change of sensors during cruise: The PAR sensors were removed for cast 51 as it was deeper than 1000 m. The backscatter sensor was replaced prior to cast 11. The underwater unit and pressure transducer were changed prior to cast 33.

Sampling device

Rosette sampling system equipped with 24 x 20 l sampling bottles (manufactured by Ocean Test Equipment Inc.).

Sea-Bird Electronics SBE 911 and SBE 917 series CTD profilers

The SBE 911 and SBE 917 series of conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) units are used to collect hydrographic profiles, including temperature, conductivity and pressure as standard. Each profiler consists of an underwater unit and deck unit or SEARAM. Auxiliary sensors, such as fluorometers, dissolved oxygen sensors and transmissometers, and carousel water samplers are commonly added to the underwater unit.

Underwater unit

The CTD underwater unit (SBE 9 or SBE 9 plus) comprises a protective cage (usually with a carousel water sampler), including a main pressure housing containing power supplies, acquisition electronics, telemetry circuitry, and a suite of modular sensors. The original SBE 9 incorporated Sea-Bird's standard modular SBE 3 temperature sensor and SBE 4 conductivity sensor, and a Paroscientific Digiquartz pressure sensor. The conductivity cell was connected to a pump-fed plastic tubing circuit that could include auxiliary sensors. Each SBE 9 unit was custom built to individual specification. The SBE 9 was replaced in 1997 by an off-the-shelf version, termed the SBE 9 plus, that incorporated the SBE 3 plus (or SBE 3P) temperature sensor, SBE 4C conductivity sensor and a Paroscientific Digiquartz pressure sensor. Sensors could be connected to a pump-fed plastic tubing circuit or stand-alone.

Temperature, conductivity and pressure sensors

The conductivity, temperature, and pressure sensors supplied with Sea-Bird CTD systems have outputs in the form of variable frequencies, which are measured using high-speed parallel counters. The resulting count totals are converted to numeric representations of the original frequencies, which bear a direct relationship to temperature, conductivity or pressure. Sampling frequencies for these sensors are typically set at 24 Hz.

The temperature sensing element is a glass-coated thermistor bead, pressure-protected inside a stainless steel tube, while the conductivity sensing element is a cylindrical, flow-through, borosilicate glass cell with three internal platinum electrodes. Thermistor resistance or conductivity cell resistance, respectively, is the controlling element in an optimized Wien Bridge oscillator circuit, which produces a frequency output that can be converted to a temperature or conductivity reading. These sensors are available with depth ratings of 6800 m (aluminium housing) or 10500 m (titanium housing). The Paroscientific Digiquartz pressure sensor comprises a quartz crystal resonator that responds to pressure-induced stress, and temperature is measured for thermal compensation of the calculated pressure.

Additional sensors

Optional sensors for dissolved oxygen, pH, light transmission, fluorescence and others do not require the very high levels of resolution needed in the primary CTD channels, nor do these sensors generally offer variable frequency outputs. Accordingly, signals from the auxiliary sensors are acquired using a conventional voltage-input multiplexed A/D converter (optional). Some Sea-Bird CTDs use a strain gauge pressure sensor (Senso-Metrics) in which case their pressure output data is in the same form as that from the auxiliary sensors as described above.

Deck unit or SEARAM

Each underwater unit is connected to a power supply and data logging system: the SBE 11 (or SBE 11 plus) deck unit allows real-time interfacing between the deck and the underwater unit via a conductive wire, while the submersible SBE 17 (or SBE 17 plus) SEARAM plugs directly into the underwater unit and data are downloaded on recovery of the CTD. The combination of SBE 9 and SBE 17 or SBE 11 are termed SBE 917 or SBE 911, respectively, while the combinations of SBE 9 plus and SBE 17 plus or SBE 11 plus are termed SBE 917 plus or SBE 911 plus.

Specifications

Specifications for the SBE 9 plus underwater unit are listed below:

Parameter Range Initial accuracy Resolution at 24 Hz Response time
Temperature -5 to 35°C 0.001°C 0.0002°C 0.065 sec
Conductivity 0 to 7 S m-1 0.0003 S m-1 0.00004 S m-1 0.065 sec (pumped)
Pressure 0 to full scale (1400, 2000, 4200, 6800 or 10500 m) 0.015% of full scale 0.001% of full scale 0.015 sec

Further details can be found in the manufacturer's specification sheet.

Chelsea Technologies Group Aquatracka MKIII fluorometer

The Chelsea Technologies Group Aquatracka MKIII is a logarithmic response fluorometer. Filters are available to enable the instrument to measure chlorophyll, rhodamine, fluorescein and turbidity.

It uses a pulsed (5.5 Hz) xenon light source discharging along two signal paths to eliminate variations in the flashlamp intensity. The reference path measures the intensity of the light source whilst the signal path measures the intensity of the light emitted from the specimen under test. The reference signal and the emitted light signals are then applied to a ratiometric circuit. In this circuit, the ratio of returned signal to reference signal is computed and scaled logarithmically to achieve a wide dynamic range. The logarithmic conversion accuracy is maintained at better than one percent of the reading over the full output range of the instrument.

Two variants of the instrument are available, both manufactured in titanium, capable of operating in depths from shallow water down to 2000 m and 6000 m respectively. The optical characteristics of the instrument in its different detection modes are visible below:

Excitation Chlorophyll a Rhodamine Fluorescein Turbidity
Wavelength (nm) 430 500 485 440*
Bandwidth (nm) 105 70 22 80*
Emission Chlorophyll a Rhodamine Fluorescein Turbidity
Wavelength (nm) 685 590 530 440*
Bandwidth (nm) 30 45 30 80*

* The wavelengths for the turbidity filters are customer selectable but must be in the range 400 to 700 nm. The same wavelength is used in the excitation path and the emission path.

The instrument measures chlorophyll a, rhodamine and fluorescein with a concentration range of 0.01 µg l-1 to 100 µg l-1. The concentration range for turbidity is 0.01 to 100 FTU (other wavelengths are available on request).

The instrument accuracy is ± 0.02 µg l-1 (or ± 3% of the reading, whichever is greater) for chlorophyll a, rhodamine and fluorescein. The accuracy for turbidity, over a 0 - 10 FTU range, is ± 0.02 FTU (or ± 3% of the reading, whichever is greater).

Further details are available from the Aquatracka MKIII specification sheet.

Chelsea Technologies Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) Irradiance Sensor

This sensor was originally designed to assist the study of marine photosynthesis. With the use of logarithmic amplication, the sensor covers a range of 6 orders of magnitude, which avoids setting up the sensor range for the expected signal level for different ambient conditions.

The sensor consists of a hollow PTFE 2-pi collector supported by a clear acetal dome diverting light to a filter and photodiode from which a cosine response is obtained. The sensor can be used in moorings, profiling or deployed in towed vehicles and can measure both upwelling and downwelling light.

Specifications

Operation depth 1000 m
Range 2000 to 0.002 µE m-2 s-1
Angular Detection Range ± 130° from normal incidence
Relative Spectral Sensitivity

flat to ± 3% from 450 to 700 nm

down 8% of 400 nm and 36% at 350 nm

Further details can be found in the manufacturer's specification sheet.

Paroscientific Absolute Pressure Transducers Series 3000 and 4000

Paroscientific Series 3000 and 4000 pressure transducers use a Digiquartz pressure sensor to provide high accuracy and precision data. The sensor comprises a quartz crystal resonator that responds to pressure-induced stress, and temperature is measured for thermal compensation of the calculated pressure.

The 3000 series of transducers includes one model, the 31K-101, whereas the 4000 series includes several models, listed in the table below. All transducers exhibit repeatability of better than ±0.01% full pressure scale, hysteresis of better than ±0.02% full scale and acceleration sensitivity of ±0.008% full scale /g (three axis average). Pressure resolution is better than 0.0001% and accuracy is typically 0.01% over a broad range of temperatures.

Differences between the models lie in their pressure and operating temperature ranges, as detailed below:

Model Max. pressure (psia) Max. pressure (MPa) Temperature range (°C)
31K-101 1000 6.9 -54 to 107
42K-101 2000 13.8 0 to 125
43K-101 3000 20.7 0 to 125
46K-101 6000 41.4 0 to 125
410K-101 10000 68.9 0 to 125
415K-101 15000 103 0 to 50
420K-101 20000 138 0 to 50
430K-101 30000 207 0 to 50
440K-101 40000 276 0 to 50

Further details can be found in the manufacturer's specification sheet.

RRS Discovery Cruise D371 AMT21 CTD Processing

Sampling strategy

All casts were conventional profiling casts with water sampling. A stainless steel (SS) CTD system was used. The frame was normally deployed pre-dawn and at solar noon each day.

A total of 73 out of 74 CTD casts were completed during the cruise. Cast 66 was cancelled due to problems with the winch shortly after deployment.

BODC Cruise processing

CTD casts were recorded using the Sea-Bird data collection software Seasave-Win32. The software outputs were then processed following the BODC recommended guidelines using SBE Data Processing-Win32 v7.20g; the processing routines are named after each stage in brackets < >. The software applied the calibrations as appropriate through the instrument configuration file to the data in engineering units output by the CTD hardware.

An ascii file (CNV) containing the 24 Hz data for up and down casts was generated from the binary Sea-Bird files for each cast <DatCnv>. Files were created for each cast containing the mean values of all the variables at the bottle firing events <Bottle Summary>. Using the CNV files processing routines were applied to remove pressure spikes <WildEdit>, the oxygen sensor was then shifted relative to the pressure by 2 seconds, to compensate for the lag in the sensor response time <AlignCTD> and the effect of thermal 'inertia' on the conductivity cells was removed <CellTM>. The surface soak was identified for each cast, removed and LoopEdit run. Salinity and oxygen concentration were re-derived and density (sigma-T with channel 1 and sigma-theta with channel 2) were derived <Derive> after the corrections for sensor lag and thermal 'inertia' had been applied. The CTD files produced from Sea-Bird processing were converted from 24 Hz ascii files into 2 Hz ascii files of the complete cast (down and upcasts) with all channels for archive at BODC and also to 1 dbar downcast files for calibration and visualisation onboard <BinAverage>. The initial salinity and oxygen channels produced at the DatCnv stage, along with the conductivity, voltage and altimeter channels were removed from the 1 dbar downcast files <Strip>.

The Sea-Bird 1 dbar downcast files were converted from the Sea-Bird CNV format to the tab delimited ODV format using the mapping described below:

Parameter Name in Sea-Bird CNV Units Parameter Name in ODV file Units Comments
prDM: Pressure, Digiquartz dbar Pressure dbar -
t090C: Temperature ITS-90, °C Temperature_1 ITS-90, °C -
t190C: Temperature, 2 ITS-90, °C Temperature_2 ITS-90, °C -
flC: Fluorescence, Chelsea Aqua 3 Chl Con µg l-l Fluo_notional mg m-3 Units equivalent. No conversion applied.
par: PAR/Irradiance, Biospherical/Licor W m-2 PAR_down W m-2 -
par1: PAR/Irradiance, Biospherical/Licor, 2 W m-2 PAR_up W m-2 -
turbWETbb0: Turbidity, WET Labs ECO BB m-1 sr-1 Backscatter m-1 sr-1 Provisional calibration applied during the cruise. Final calibration to be applied post cruise and data supplied as a separate series.
xmiss: Beam Transmission, Chelsea/Seatech/WET Labs CStar % Beam_trans % Provisional calibration applied during the cruise. Final calibration to be applied post cruise and data supplied as a separate series.
bat: Beam Attenuation, Chelsea/Seatech/WET Labs CStar m-1 Beam_attn m-1 Provisional calibration applied during the cruise. Final calibration to be applied post cruise and data supplied as a separate series.
sal00: Salinity, Practical PSU Salinity_1_SBEcal PSU -
sal11: Salinity, Practical, 2 PSU Salinity_2_SBEcal PSU -
sbeox0ML/L: Oxygen, SBE 43 ml l-1 Oxy_conc_ml ml l-1 -
sbeox0Mg/L: Oxygen, SBE 43 mg l-1 Oxy_conc_mg mg l-1 -
sigma-t00: Density kg m-3 Density_1 kg m-3 -
sigma-é11: Density, 2 kg m-3 Density_2 kg m-3 -

Calibrated salinity, oxygen and fluorometer channels were then added to the profiles using calibration equations derived from the bottle file data compared against discrete samples collected from the CTD water bottles on each cast.

Field Calibrations

  • Pressure

    No adjustments were made to the values resulting from application of manufacturer's coefficients during the initial processing.

  • Temperature

    Temperature readings from the two temperature sensors were almost identical outside of entrainment features and no other independent measurements of better quality were available. No further correction was therefore applied to the data.

  • Salinity

    The salinity data were calibrated by comparing the sensor readings from the up-cast at the point when the bottles were fired with the discrete salinity data measured using the bench salinometer on water samples collected from fired bottles. The samples collected were from four depths for each cast. Offsets were generated between the salinometer and CTD sensor values and plotted against cast and salinometer values. The linear regressions from the offset against bench salinometer data were significant for both sensors (p < 0.0001).

    Calibration N R2
    Salinity_1_calibrated = 0.9986 (±0.0069) * Salinity_1_SBEcal + 0.0509 (±0.0002) 283 0.15
    Salinity_2_calibrated = 0.9989 (±0.0066) * Salinity_2_SBEcal + 0.0400 (±0.0001) 283 0.10

    The calibration reduction to the RMS residual (sensor 1: uncalibrated = 0.0032, calibrated = 0.0029; sensor 2: uncalibrated = 0.0033, calibrated = 0.0026) although small, indicated an improved match to the bench salinometer sample dataset after calibration.

  • Dissolved oxygen

    The oxygen sensors were calibrated by comparing the SBE43 sensor readings from the CTD up-cast at the point when the bottles were fired with the dissolved oxygen concentrations from Winkler titrations on water samples collected from the fired bottles. The samples collected were from a range of depths on a number of casts throughout the cruise. The linear regressions from the offset (Winkler titration data - SBE43 data) against Winkler titration data was significant (p < 0.0001).

    Calibration (in ml l-1) N R2
    Oxygen_cal_ml = 1.0287 (±0.0026) * Oxygen_conc_ml + 0.0874 (±0.0126) 286 0.29

    The reduction in the RMS residual (uncalibrated = 0.257, calibrated = 0.135) indicated an improved match to the Winkler titration dataset after calibration.

  • Fluorescence

    The CTD deployed Chelsea AQUAtracka MkIII fluorometer was calibrated against extracted chlorophyll-a measurements made on seawater collected by Niskin bottles on each cast. Samples of seawater from CTD niskin bottles were collected to calibrate the CTD fluorometer with the analytical method following Welschmeyer (1994). Samples were collected at 73 stations from an average of 9 depths including light depths from 97, 55, 33, 14, 7, 1 and 0.1%. Each sample of 250 ml was filtered through 47 mm 0.2 µm polycarbonate filters. The filters were then placed in a vial with 10 ml 90% acetone and left in a freezer for 24 hours. The samples were then analysed on a pre-calibrated Turner Designs Trilogy fluorometer with a non-acidified chl module (CHL NA #046) fitted. The calibration was checked against dilutions of pure chlorophyll stock during the cruise and no modifications to the calibration were necessary.

    The Chelsea AQUAtracka MkIII fluorometer attached to the CTD rig operated without problem. The sample calibrations were applied on a cast by cast basis.

    References

    Welschmeyer N.A., 1994. Fluorometric analysis of chlorophyll-a in the presence of chlorophyll-b and phaeopigments. Limnology and Oceanography, 39(8), 1985-1992.

    Cast Calibration (in mg m-3) N R2
    1 Fluo_calibrated = 3.019 * Fluo_notional - 0.027 7 0.995
    2 Fluo_calibrated = 2.618 * Fluo_notional - 0.034 7 0.993
    3 Fluo_calibrated = 1.190 * Fluo_notional + 0.014 8 0.675
    4 Fluo_calibrated = 1.499 * Fluo_notional + 0.007 7 0.734
    5 Fluo_calibrated = 1.758 * Fluo_notional + 0.008 8 0.972
    6 Fluo_calibrated = 1.418 * Fluo_notional + 0.022 7 0.827
    7 Fluo_calibrated = 1.950 * Fluo_notional + 0.060 8 0.989
    8 Fluo_calibrated = 2.189 * Fluo_notional + 0.049 8 0.965
    9 Fluo_calibrated = 1.866 * Fluo_notional + 0.021 9 0.930
    10 Fluo_calibrated = 2.068 * Fluo_notional + 0.052 8 0.932
    11 Fluo_calibrated = 2.385 * Fluo_notional + 0.064 9 0.948
    12 Fluo_calibrated = 3.320 * Fluo_notional + 0.038 10 0.968
    13 Fluo_calibrated = 4.002 * Fluo_notional - 0.006 10 0.994
    14 Fluo_calibrated = 3.613 * Fluo_notional + 0.020 10 0.975
    15 Fluo_calibrated = 3.069 * Fluo_notional + 0.055 8 0.977
    16 Fluo_calibrated = 7.082 * Fluo_notional + 0.045 6 0.980
    17 Fluo_calibrated = 3.536 * Fluo_notional + 0.009 9 0.994
    18 Fluo_calibrated = 5.744 * Fluo_notional - 0.039 8 0.987
    19 Fluo_calibrated = 5.277 * Fluo_notional - 0.014 8 0.990
    20 Fluo_calibrated = 4.948 * Fluo_notional + 0.003 8 0.993
    21 Fluo_calibrated = 4.699 * Fluo_notional - 0.018 9 0.999
    22 Fluo_calibrated = 6.925 * Fluo_notional - 0.092 8 0.997
    23 Fluo_calibrated = 6.382 * Fluo_notional - 0.086 6 0.999
    24 Fluo_calibrated = 5.917 * Fluo_notional + 0.049 9 1.000
    25 Fluo_calibrated = 4.843 * Fluo_notional - 0.045 8 0.979
    26 Fluo_calibrated = 6.583 * Fluo_notional - 0.106 10 0.994
    27 Fluo_calibrated = 3.902 * Fluo_notional + 0.004 7 0.969
    28 Fluo_calibrated = 4.850 * Fluo_notional - 0.019 9 0.995
    29 Fluo_calibrated = 4.562 * Fluo_notional - 0.014 9 0.998
    30 Fluo_calibrated = 4.773 * Fluo_notional - 0.031 10 0.996
    31 Fluo_calibrated = 5.562 * Fluo_notional + 0.004 8 0.996
    32 Fluo_calibrated = 5.945 * Fluo_notional - 0.014 9 0.995
    33 Fluo_calibrated = 7.994 * Fluo_notional - 0.058 9 0.997
    34 Fluo_calibrated = 4.941 * Fluo_notional + 0.055 9 0.991
    35 Fluo_calibrated = 5.612 * Fluo_notional - 0.024 9 0.993
    36 Fluo_calibrated = 5.498 * Fluo_notional + 0.021 9 0.995
    37 Fluo_calibrated = 8.124 * Fluo_notional - 0.093 9 1.000
    38 Fluo_calibrated = 7.645 * Fluo_notional - 0.046 9 1.000
    39 Fluo_calibrated = 7.457 * Fluo_notional - 0.045 9 0.998
    40 Fluo_calibrated = 4.883 * Fluo_notional + 0.054 9 0.994
    41 Fluo_calibrated = 5.269 * Fluo_notional - 0.066 9 0.998
    42 Fluo_calibrated = 2.901 * Fluo_notional + 0.110 9 0.983
    43 Fluo_calibrated = 3.146 * Fluo_notional - 0.070 6 0.977
    44 Fluo_calibrated = 4.579 * Fluo_notional - 0.008 9 0.994
    45 Fluo_calibrated = 3.532 * Fluo_notional + 0.057 8 0.991
    46 Fluo_calibrated = 4.170 * Fluo_notional - 0.013 9 0.995
    47 Fluo_calibrated = 5.136 * Fluo_notional - 0.006 9 0.994
    48 Fluo_calibrated = 6.540 * Fluo_notional - 0.034 9 0.996
    49 Fluo_calibrated = 4.055 * Fluo_notional + 0.046 8 0.991
    50 Fluo_calibrated = 3.690 * Fluo_notional + 0.026 8 0.982
    51 Fluo_calibrated = 3.726 * Fluo_notional + 0.033 9 0.981
    52 Fluo_calibrated = 5.869 * Fluo_notional - 0.040 9 0.993
    53 Fluo_calibrated = 5.949 * Fluo_notional - 0.051 9 0.994
    54 Fluo_calibrated = 6.506 * Fluo_notional - 0.069 9 0.994
    55 Fluo_calibrated = 7.576 * Fluo_notional - 0.104 9 0.999
    56 Fluo_calibrated = 5.984 * Fluo_notional - 0.021 9 0.997
    57 Fluo_calibrated = 4.344 * Fluo_notional - 0.004 9 0.997
    58 Fluo_calibrated = 4.207 * Fluo_notional + 0.040 9 0.997
    59 Fluo_calibrated = 3.928 * Fluo_notional + 0.014 9 0.998
    60 Fluo_calibrated = 2.891 * Fluo_notional + 0.044 9 0.988
    61 Fluo_calibrated = 2.782 * Fluo_notional + 0.053 9 0.986
    62 Fluo_calibrated = 3.421 * Fluo_notional + 0.011 9 0.992
    63 Fluo_calibrated = 2.461 * Fluo_notional + 0.066 9 0.995
    64 Fluo_calibrated = 3.994 * Fluo_notional + 0.070 9 0.968
    65 Fluo_calibrated = 4.080 * Fluo_notional + 0.008 9 0.997
    67 Fluo_calibrated = 2.316 * Fluo_notional + 0.005 9 0.984
    68 Fluo_calibrated = 2.503 * Fluo_notional + 0.071 8 0.954
    69 Fluo_calibrated = 1.369 * Fluo_notional + 0.008 9 0.739
    70 Fluo_calibrated = 1.563 * Fluo_notional + 0.072 9 0.707
    71 Fluo_calibrated = 1.566 * Fluo_notional + 0.046 9 0.828
    72 Fluo_calibrated = 2.077 * Fluo_notional + 0.139 8 0.792
    73 Fluo_calibrated = 1.806 * Fluo_notional + 0.021 9 0.910
    74 Fluo_calibrated = 1.785 * Fluo_notional + 0.079 9 0.867

    The reduction in the RMS residual (uncalibrated = 0.329, calibrated = 0.090) over the entire cruise indicated an improved match to the extracted chl-a sample dataset after calibration.

BODC post-processing and screening

  • Reformatting

    The data were converted from tab delimited ODV format into BODC internal format using BODC transfer function 401. Only the final calibrated channels were transferred and the following table shows how these variables were mapped to appropriate BODC parameter codes. Oxygen saturation and sigma-theta were derived and added to the profiles during the transfer.

    Originator's Parameter Name Units Description BODC Parameter Code Units Comments
    Pressure dbar Pressure of the water column PRESPR01 dbar -
    Temperature_1 °C Temperature of water column by CTD TEMPST01 °C Frame mounted sensor
    Temperature_2 °C Temperature of water column by CTD TEMPST02 °C Vane mounted sensor
    Salinity_1_calibrated - Practical salinity of the water body by CTD PSALCC01 - Frame mounted sensor. Calibration against bench salinometer samples
    Salinity_2_calibrated - Practical salinity of the water body by CTD PSALCC02 - Vane mounted sensor. Calibration against bench salinometer samples
    Oxy_cal_ml ml l-1 Oxygen DOXYSC01 µmol l-1 Calibration against Winkler samples. Unit conversion *44.66 applied.
    Fluo_calibrated mg m-3 Chlorophyll-a CPHLPS01 mg m-3 Calibration against extracted chl-a samples
    PAR_down W m-2 Downwelling PAR irradiance DWIRPP01 W m-2 No data for cast 51.
    PAR_up W m-2 Upwelling PAR irradiance UWIRPP01 W m-2 No data for cast 51.
    - - Oxygen saturation OXYSSC01 % Generated by BODC using the Benson and Krause (1984) algorithm with parameters DOXYSC01, PSALCC01 and TEMPST01
    - - Sigma-theta SIGTPR01 kg m-3 Generated by BODC using the Fofonoff and Millard (1982) algorithm from frame mounted sensors.
    - - Sigma-theta SIGTPR02 kg m-3 Generated by BODC using the Fofonoff and Millard (1982) algorithm from vane mounted sensors.
  • References

    Benson, B.B. and Krause, D., 1984. The concentration and isotopic fractionation of oxygen dissolved in freshwater and seawater in equilibrium with the atmosphere. Limnology and Oceanography, 29(3), 620-632.

    Fofonoff, N.P. and Millard, R.C., 1983. Algorithms for computations of fundamental properties of seawater. UNESCO Technical Papers in Marine Science No. 44, 53pp.

  • Screening

    Reformatted CTD data were transferred onto a graphics work station for visualisation using the in-house editor EDSERPLO. No data values were edited or deleted. Flagging was achieved by modification of the associated BODC quality control flag for suspect or null values.

    The vane mounted sensors suffered less from entrainment that did the sensors in the frame and therefore the secondary temperature, salinity and density were retained for banking in the NODB, while the primary channels were discarded.

Banking

The profiles were banked to the National Oceanographic Database (NODB) following BODC procedures.


Project Information

Oceans 2025 Theme 10, Sustained Observation Activity 1: The Atlantic Meridional Transect (AMT)

The Atlantic Meridional Transect has been operational since 1995 and through the Oceans 2025 programme secures funding for a further five cruises during the period 2007-2012. The AMT programme began in 1995 utilising the passage of the RRS James Clark Ross between the UK and the Falkland Islands southwards in September and northwards in April each year. Prior to Oceans 2025 the AMT programme has completed 18 cruises following this transect in the Atlantic Ocean. This sustained observing system aims to provide basin-scale understanding of the distribution of planktonic communities, their nutrient turnover and biogenic export in the context of hydrographic and biogeochemical provinces of the North and South Atlantic Oceans.

The Atlantic Meridional Transect Programme is an open ocean in situ observing system that will:

  • give early warning of any fundamental change in Atlantic ecosystem functionng
  • improve forecasts of the future ocean state and associated socio-economic impacts
  • provide a "contextual" logistical and scientific infrastructure for independently-funded national and international open ocean biogeochemical and ecological research.

The specific objectives are:

  • To collect hydrographic, chemical, ecological and optical data on transects between the UK and the Falkland Islands
  • To quantify the nature and causes of ecological and biogeochemical variability in planktonic ecosystems
  • To assess the effects of variability in planktonic ecosystems on biogenic export and on air-sea exchange of radiatively active gases

The measurements taken and experiments carried out on the AMT cruises will be closely linked to Themes 2 and 5. The planned cruise track also allows for the AMT data to be used in providing spatial context to the Sustained Observation Activities at the Porcupine Abyssal Plain Ocean Observatory (SO2) and the Western Channel Observatory (SO10).

More detailed information on this Work Package is available at pages 6 - 9 of the official Oceans 2025 Theme 10 document: Oceans 2025 Theme 10

Weblink: http://www.oceans2025.org/


Data Activity or Cruise Information

Cruise

Cruise Name D371 (AMT21)
Departure Date 2011-09-29
Arrival Date 2011-11-13
Principal Scientist(s)Glen A Tarran (Plymouth Marine Laboratory)
Ship RRS Discovery

Complete Cruise Metadata Report is available here


Fixed Station Information


No Fixed Station Information held for the Series


BODC Quality Control Flags

The following single character qualifying flags may be associated with one or more individual parameters with a data cycle:

Flag Description
Blank Unqualified
< Below detection limit
> In excess of quoted value
A Taxonomic flag for affinis (aff.)
B Beginning of CTD Down/Up Cast
C Taxonomic flag for confer (cf.)
D Thermometric depth
E End of CTD Down/Up Cast
G Non-taxonomic biological characteristic uncertainty
H Extrapolated value
I Taxonomic flag for single species (sp.)
K Improbable value - unknown quality control source
L Improbable value - originator's quality control
M Improbable value - BODC quality control
N Null value
O Improbable value - user quality control
P Trace/calm
Q Indeterminate
R Replacement value
S Estimated value
T Interpolated value
U Uncalibrated
W Control value
X Excessive difference

SeaDataNet Quality Control Flags

The following single character qualifying flags may be associated with one or more individual parameters with a data cycle:

Flag Description
0 no quality control
1 good value
2 probably good value
3 probably bad value
4 bad value
5 changed value
6 value below detection
7 value in excess
8 interpolated value
9 missing value
A value phenomenon uncertain
B nominal value
Q value below limit of quantification