Metadata Report for BODC Series Reference Number 2244050

• Metadata Summary

• Problem Reports

• Data Access Policy

• Narrative Documents

• Project Information

• Data Activity or Cruise Information

• Fixed Station Information

• BODC Quality Flags

• SeaDataNet Quality Flags

Metadata Summary

Problem Reports

No Problem Report Found in the Database

Data Access Policy

Open Data

These data have no specific confidentiality restrictions for users. However, users must acknowledge data sources as it is not ethical to publish data without proper attribution. Any publication or other output resulting from usage of the data should include an acknowledgment.

If the Information Provider does not provide a specific attribution statement, or if you are using Information from several Information Providers and multiple attributions are not practical in your product or application, you may consider using the following:

"Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v1.0."

Narrative Documents

Agilent 1200 Series Rapid Resolution Liquid Chromatography (RRLC) system

An instrument designed for high-speed analyses of mixture components by Rapid Resolution Liquid Chromatography (RRLC) as well as standard High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). It can support narrow and standard bore columns of 10 to 300 mm in length, 1.0 to 4.6 mm in internal diameter, and with particle sizes from 1.5 to 10 um. For RRLC analysis, the system can be equipped with second generation ZORBAX Rapid Resolution HT 1.8 um columns, or Poroshell 120 columns; the latter may be mounted in-series to achieve separation power of up to 375 plates per second, which is about 20 times faster than conventional HPLC methods with no reduction in data quality. The system supports ultraviolet (UV) visible detectors as well as evaporative light scattering detectors (ELSD). The Agilent ChemStation software package is used as a system interface.

For more information, please see this document: https://www.bodc.ac.uk/data/documents/nodb/pdf/agilent_1200_rrlc.pdf

Turner Designs Trilogy Fluorometer

The Trilogy Laboratory Fluorometer is a compact laboratory instrument for making fluorescence, absorbance and turbidity measurements using the appropriate snap-in Application Module.

The following snap-in application modules are available:

For extracted chlorophyll measurements using EPA 445, Trilogy automatically calculates the concentration using the filtered and solvent volumes. The turbidity modules use an IRLED with a wavelength of 860nm to meet ISO 7027 standards for turbidity water quality measurements.

Specifications

Further details can be found in the manufacturer's specification sheet.

GO-FLO Bottle

A water sampling bottle featuring close-open-close operation. The bottle opens automatically at approximately 10 metres and flushes until closed. Sampling with these bottles avoids contamination at the surface, internal spring contamination, loss of sample on deck and exchange of water from different depths.

There are several sizes available, from 1.7 to 100 litres and are made of PVC with a depth rating of up to 500 m. These bottles can be attached to a rosette or placed on a cable at selected positions.

GoFlo Bottle Chlorophyll-α for CUSTARD Cruise DY112

Originator's Protocol for Data Acquisition and Analysis

Sampling methodology

The RRS Discovery cruise DY112 departed Punta Arenas, Chile on 16 January 2020 and returned to Punta Arenas, Chile on 25 January 2020.

Sampling occurred on 21 January 2020 between 12:22 - 17:20. Two profiles of Go-Flo bottles on Kevlar rope were lowered to each respective depth from deepest (150 m) to shallowest (10 m) (nominal depths sampled: 150 m, 100 m, 50 m, 10 m) and fired using a messenger. Each depth was sampled using a single bottle, with water taken before the bottle was sent back over to the next depth. Gases (O₂) were sampled first and then carboys were filled to allow filtering for particulates. To obtain depth and higher frequency data, a RBR Concerto was attached to the bottle with sensors for pressure, temperature, fluorescence, and backscatter. A total of eight bottles were collected.

100 mL of seawater were filtered onto Whatman glass fibre GF/F filters for total chlorophyll-α concentration, and 100 mL sequentially through polycarbonate 0.2 µm, 5 µm and 20 µm filters for size-fractionated chlorophyll-α concentration.

Analytical methodology

In all cases, chlorophyll-α was extracted in 6 mL of 90% acetone over 20 to 24 hours at 4°C in a fridge in the dark. Measurements of chlorophyll-α were subsequently made on board using a Turner Designs Trilogy fluorometer set up with a non-acidification kit (after Welschmeyer (1994)). The fluorometer was calibration against a pure chlorophyll-α extract in 2018 (and was recalibrated on return of the fluorometer to NOC in 2020). A Turner solid standard (Part No. 8000-952) was used at the start and end of each set of readings as well as a 90% acetone blank sample to monitor for instrument drift. Both of these readings were subsequently used in the calculations to determine chlorophyll-α concentrations, which were calculated as:

Chl-α = Dilution * (R)adj * (F - blank) * (v/V)

Dilution = 1 (unless required for an over-range sample)
(R)adj = response factor adjusted for the shift in the solid standard
F = sample fluorescence
blank = acetone blank reading
v = acetone extracted volume (6 mL)
V = filtered sample volume in mL

References Cited

Welschmeyer, N.A., 1994. Fluorometric analysis of chlorophyll a in the presence of chlorophyll b and pheopigments. Limnology and Oceanography, 39 (8), 1985-1992.

DY112 Cruise report

Further information can be found in the DY112 Cruise report. Details of method protocols and instrumentation can be found in the DY111 Cruise report.

BODC Data Processing Procedures

Data received were loaded into the BODC database using established BODC data banking procedures. A parameter mapping table is provided below:

GoFlo Bottle High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Pigments for CUSTARD Cruise DY112

Originator's Protocol for Data Acquisition and Analysis

Sampling methodology

The RRS Discovery cruise DY112 departed Punta Arenas, Chile on 16^th January 2020 and returned to Punta Arenas, Chile on 25^th January 2020.

Sampling occurred on 21^st January 2020 between 12:22 and 17:20 UTC. Two profiles of Go-Flo bottles on Kevlar rope were lowered to each respective depth from deepest (150 m) to shallowest (10 m) (nominal depths sampled: 150 m, 100 m, 50 m, 10 m) and fired using a messenger. Each depth was sampled using a single bottle, with water taken before the bottle was sent back over to the next depth. For the analysis of phytoplankton pigments, 500 to 1000 mL of seawater was filtered onto Whatman GF/F filters for later extraction and analysis by HPLC. After filtration, HPLC filters were placed into Nunc™ CryoTube™ vials, flash frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80 °C prior to later analysis.

Analytical methodology

Phytoplankton pigment samples collected from the DY112 cruise were analysed using the protocol of Van Heukelem and Thomas (2001), further described in Hooker et al. (2005).

An Agilent RR1200 HPLC system was used, which consists a programmable autoinjector, refrigerated autosampler, thermostatted column compartment, quaternary pump with in-line vacuum degasser, and photo-diode array detector with deuterium and tungsten lamps. Calibration was performed with pigment standards (DHI Water and Environment , Hørsholm, Denmark) whose concentrations were determined spectrophotometrically using absorption coefficients (Hooker et al. 2005).

References Cited

Hooker, S.B.,L. Van Heukelem, C.S. Thomas, H. Claustre, J. Ras, L. Schlüter, J. Perl, C. Trees, V. Stuart, E. Head, R. Barlow, H. Sessions, L. Clementson, J. Fishwick, C. Llewellyn, and J. Aiken, 2005. The Second SeaWiFS HPLC Analysis Round-Robin Experiment (SeaHARRE-2). NASA Tech. Memo. 2005-212785, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 112 pp.

Van Heukelem, L. and C.S. Thomas, 2001. Computer-assisted high-performance liquid chromatography method development with applications to the isolation and analysis of phytoplankton pigments. J. Chromatogr. A, 910, 31-49.

DY112 Cruise report

Further information can be found in the DY112 Cruise report.

BODC Data Processing Procedures

Data received were loaded into the BODC database using established BODC data banking procedures.

Parameters

The following HPLC pigments were reported by the origianator and converted to BODC parameter codes where indicated:

Primary Pigments

Secondary Pigments

Pigments that go into calculations of primary pigment products

Tertiary Pigments

Ancillary Pigments

Reported Sums

The following parameters provided by the originator have been derived from calculating totals from various of the above measured pigments. As these have been derived, they have not been mapped to BODC parameter codes or included in the final published data file. If you wish to request these parameters then please get in touch with enquiries@bodc.ac.uk.

Project Information

Carbon Uptake and Seasonal Traits of Antarctic Remineralisation Depth (CUSTARD)

Carbon Uptake and Seasonal Traits of Antarctic Remineralisation Depth (CUSTARD) is a £1.8 million, four-year (2018-2022) research project funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC).

The main aim of the CUSTARD project is to quantify the seasonal drivers of carbon fluxes in a region of the Southern Ocean upper limb, and estimate how long different quantities of carbon are kept out of the atmosphere based on the water flow routes at the observed remineralisation depths. Please visit the CUSTARD web page for more information

CUSTARD is one of three projects funded as part of the Role of the Southern Ocean in the Earth System (RoSES) programme, also known as the Southern Ocean programme. Please see the RoSES project document for more information on the wider programme and the research projects associated with it.

Background

The upper limb of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) represents an important junction in the marine carbon cycle, as the fate of carbon fixed by surface phytoplankton will differ according to how deep it penetrates before being remineralised. If shallow remineralisation occurs, carbon will follow the upper limb circulation and upwell further north, escaping into the atmosphere within decades. On the other hand, deep remineralisation will result in carbon entering the lower limb circulation, with the potential of being retained in the ocean for hundreds of years. Seasonality in plankton dynamics play an important role in remineralisation depth, and CUSTARD aims to resolve all factors contributing to the carbon export out of the region.

Participants

Six different UK-based organisations are directly involved in research for CUSTARD:

• National Oceanography Centre (NOC)
• NERC British Antarctic Survey (BAS)
• University of Southampton
• University of Oxford
• Plymouth University
• University of East Anglia (UEA)

CUSTARD collaborates closely with the US Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI) program through sharing of instruments and platforms at and around the Global Southern Ocean Array. OOI is funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and is managed by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Rutgers University maintains the cyberinfrastructure component, working alongside CUSTARD scientists in the handling and distribution of shared observational data.

Research details

Four Work Packages have been funded by the CUSTARD project, each addressing a separate project objective within the region of study in the south eastern Pacific ocean. These are described briefly below:

• Work Package 1: Obtain an accurate picture of the seasonal air-sea flux and macronutrient drawdown.
  This work package aims at determining the magnitude and variability of air-sea CO2 fluxes and their physical and biogeochemical drivers. High-resolution carbon measurements in the water column, CO2 flux estimates and daily resolved nitrate and silicate observations are combined to better understand the link between seasonal changes in CO2 fluxes and biological variability.

• Work Package 2: Quantify the link between iron and silicate availability and remineralisation depth.
  This work package investigates the annual cycle of phytoplankton dynamics, net production and export of organic material in conjunction with iron availability.

• Work Package 3: Observationally determine the seasonal cycle in remineralisation depth.
  This work package assesses remineralisation depth and its variability using marine snow catchers deployed during the process cruise, and backscatter measurements carried out year-round by gliders.

• Work Package 4: Examine the link between seasonality and remineralisation depth and the trajectory of carbon from the surface out of the upper limb.
  This work package aims to ingest all CUSTARD observational data into models to determine whether seasonal variability in phytoplankton composition is reflected in changes in remineralisation depth, which in turn leads to seasonal variability in the fate of organic carbon leaving the Southern Ocean via the upper limb.

Fieldwork and data collection

All the observational data from the project is collected at and south of the Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI) Global Southern Ocean Array, located south-west of Chile. Data collection activities span from November 2018 to January 2020, and include three cruises, four glider missions, and one mooring.

Cruises

All cruises depart from and return to Punta Arenas (Chile). Cruise activities include deployments and recovery of gliders and a mooring, Conductivity, Temperature and Depth (CTD), trace metal clean GoFlo bottle sampling, Red Camera Frame, Marine Snow Catcher and Underwater Vision Profiler deployments, as well as laboratory incubations with sea water samples. See cruise details below:

Gliders

Two Slocum 1000 MARS gliders (Pancake and Churchill) are deployed from DY096, to collect data continuously for one year until recovery on DY111. The gliders are mounted with CTD sensors, an optode, a fluorometer, and twin backscatter sensors. Pancake failed and its mission ended early in February 2019.

One Rutgers University glider is deployed from DY111, to collect data until recovery at the end of the same cruise. The glider is owned by Rutgers University and the data is shared with CUSTARD. It carries CTD sensors, an optode, a fluorometer, a backscatter sensor and a particle size analyser.

Mooring

Deployment of Global Surface Mooring GS01SUMO-00004 (SUMO-4) during DY096, to take continuous measurements for approximately one year until recovery during DY112. Its location is roughly 54 28 S, 89 02 W. This is an OOI mooring provided and deployed by WHOI, and adapted to integrate NOC lab-on-chip nitrate and silicate sensors.

Contacts

Dr. Adrian Marin (National Oceanography Centre, UK) - Lead Principal Investigator and lead of Work Package 4
Dr. Dorothee Bakker (University of East Anglia, UK) - Lead of Work Package 1
Prof. Mark Moore (University of Southampton, UK) - Lead of Work Package 2
Dr. Stephanie Henson (National Oceanography Centre / University of Southampton, UK) - Lead of Work Package 3

Data Activity or Cruise Information

Data Activity

BODC Sample Metadata Report for DY112_BOTTLE_GF3

Please note:the supplied parameters may not have been sampled from all the bottle firings described in the table above. Cross-match the Sample Reference Number above against the SAMPRFNM value in the data file to identify the relevant metadata.

Related Data Activity activities are detailed in Appendix 1

Cruise

Complete Cruise Metadata Report is available here

Fixed Station Information

Fixed Station Information

Fixed Station - Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI) Global Southern Ocean Array

OOI Southern Ocean Array is an offshore site situated in the South Pacific to the south west of Chile, in an area of large scale thermohaline circulation, intermediate water formation, and CO₂ sequestration. The array originally comprised four moorings and a combination of Open Ocean and Profiling Gliders. All of the moorings were successfully recovered for the last time in January 2020.

The following is a list of the cruises involved in recovery and deployment of the moorings:

More information can be found at: https://oceanobservatories.org/array/global-southern-ocean-array/

Related Fixed Station activities are detailed in Appendix 2

BODC Quality Control Flags

The following single character qualifying flags may be associated with one or more individual parameters with a data cycle:

SeaDataNet Quality Control Flags

The following single character qualifying flags may be associated with one or more individual parameters with a data cycle:

Appendix 1: DY112_BOTTLE_GF3

Related series for this Data Activity are presented in the table below. Further information can be found by following the appropriate links.

If you are interested in these series, please be aware we offer a multiple file download service. Should your credentials be insufficient for automatic download, the service also offers a referral to our Enquiries Officer who may be able to negotiate access.

Appendix 2: OOI-Southern Ocean

Related series for this Fixed Station are presented in the table below. Further information can be found by following the appropriate links.

If you are interested in these series, please be aware we offer a multiple file download service. Should your credentials be insufficient for automatic download, the service also offers a referral to our Enquiries Officer who may be able to negotiate access.