Metadata Report for BODC Series Reference Number 1926575
Metadata Summary
Problem Reports
Data Access Policy
Narrative Documents
Project Information
Data Activity or Cruise Information
Fixed Station Information
BODC Quality Flags
SeaDataNet Quality Flags
Metadata Summary
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Problem Reports
No Problem Report Found in the Database
Data Access Policy
Open Data supplied by Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)
You must always use the following attribution statement to acknowledge the source of the information: "Contains data supplied by Natural Environment Research Council."
Narrative Documents
Sea-Bird Dissolved Oxygen Sensor SBE 43 and SBE 43F
The SBE 43 is a dissolved oxygen sensor designed for marine applications. It incorporates a high-performance Clark polarographic membrane with a pump that continuously plumbs water through it, preventing algal growth and the development of anoxic conditions when the sensor is taking measurements.
Two configurations are available: SBE 43 produces a voltage output and can be incorporated with any Sea-Bird CTD that accepts input from a 0-5 volt auxiliary sensor, while the SBE 43F produces a frequency output and can be integrated with an SBE 52-MP (Moored Profiler CTD) or used for OEM applications. The specifications below are common to both.
Specifications
| Housing | Plastic or titanium |
| Membrane | 0.5 mil- fast response, typical for profile applications 1 mil- slower response, typical for moored applications |
| Depth rating | 600 m (plastic) or 7000 m (titanium) 10500 m titanium housing available on request |
| Measurement range | 120% of surface saturation |
| Initial accuracy | 2% of saturation |
| Typical stability | 0.5% per 1000 h |
Further details can be found in the manufacturer's specification sheet.
JR17007 CTD Instrument Description
CTD Unit and Auxiliary Sensors
| Sensor unit | Model | Serial number | Full specification | Calibration date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CTD underwater unit | SBE 9plus | 09P15759-0480 | SBE 9plus | |
| CTD deck unit | SBE 11plus | 11P15759-0458 | ||
| Primary temperature sensor | SBE 3P | 032705 | SBE 03P | 25/05/2017 |
| Secondary temperature sensor | SBE 3P | 03P5042 | SBE 03P | 25/05/2017 |
| Primary conductivity sensor | SBE 4C | 042222 | SBE 04C | 24/05/2017 |
| Secondary conductivity sensor | SBE 4C | 042255 | SBE 04C | 24/05/2017 |
| Dissolved oxygen sensor | SBE 43 | 432291 | SBE 43 | 20/05/2017 |
| Altimeter | Tritech S10127 232 | 10127.244740 | Tritech PA200 | 24/05/2017 |
| Irradiance sensor | Biospherical QCP2350 PAR | 70688 | Biospherical QCP PAR sensor | 20/06/2017 |
| Fluorometer | Chelsea MKIII Aquatracka | 088-249 | Chelsea MKII Aquatracka | 19/05/2017 |
| Transmissometer | WetLabs C-Star | CST-1399DR | WetLabs C-Star | 16/06/2017 |
| LADCP | RDI Workhorse 300 kHz | 14897 (Master) 15060 (Slave) | LADCP |
Sea-Bird Electronics SBE 911 and SBE 917 series CTD profilers
The SBE 911 and SBE 917 series of conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) units are used to collect hydrographic profiles, including temperature, conductivity and pressure as standard. Each profiler consists of an underwater unit and deck unit or SEARAM. Auxiliary sensors, such as fluorometers, dissolved oxygen sensors and transmissometers, and carousel water samplers are commonly added to the underwater unit.
Underwater unit
The CTD underwater unit (SBE 9 or SBE 9 plus) comprises a protective cage (usually with a carousel water sampler), including a main pressure housing containing power supplies, acquisition electronics, telemetry circuitry, and a suite of modular sensors. The original SBE 9 incorporated Sea-Bird's standard modular SBE 3 temperature sensor and SBE 4 conductivity sensor, and a Paroscientific Digiquartz pressure sensor. The conductivity cell was connected to a pump-fed plastic tubing circuit that could include auxiliary sensors. Each SBE 9 unit was custom built to individual specification. The SBE 9 was replaced in 1997 by an off-the-shelf version, termed the SBE 9 plus, that incorporated the SBE 3 plus (or SBE 3P) temperature sensor, SBE 4C conductivity sensor and a Paroscientific Digiquartz pressure sensor. Sensors could be connected to a pump-fed plastic tubing circuit or stand-alone.
Temperature, conductivity and pressure sensors
The conductivity, temperature, and pressure sensors supplied with Sea-Bird CTD systems have outputs in the form of variable frequencies, which are measured using high-speed parallel counters. The resulting count totals are converted to numeric representations of the original frequencies, which bear a direct relationship to temperature, conductivity or pressure. Sampling frequencies for these sensors are typically set at 24 Hz.
The temperature sensing element is a glass-coated thermistor bead, pressure-protected inside a stainless steel tube, while the conductivity sensing element is a cylindrical, flow-through, borosilicate glass cell with three internal platinum electrodes. Thermistor resistance or conductivity cell resistance, respectively, is the controlling element in an optimized Wien Bridge oscillator circuit, which produces a frequency output that can be converted to a temperature or conductivity reading. These sensors are available with depth ratings of 6800 m (aluminium housing) or 10500 m (titanium housing). The Paroscientific Digiquartz pressure sensor comprises a quartz crystal resonator that responds to pressure-induced stress, and temperature is measured for thermal compensation of the calculated pressure.
Additional sensors
Optional sensors for dissolved oxygen, pH, light transmission, fluorescence and others do not require the very high levels of resolution needed in the primary CTD channels, nor do these sensors generally offer variable frequency outputs. Accordingly, signals from the auxiliary sensors are acquired using a conventional voltage-input multiplexed A/D converter (optional). Some Sea-Bird CTDs use a strain gauge pressure sensor (Senso-Metrics) in which case their pressure output data is in the same form as that from the auxiliary sensors as described above.
Deck unit or SEARAM
Each underwater unit is connected to a power supply and data logging system: the SBE 11 (or SBE 11 plus) deck unit allows real-time interfacing between the deck and the underwater unit via a conductive wire, while the submersible SBE 17 (or SBE 17 plus) SEARAM plugs directly into the underwater unit and data are downloaded on recovery of the CTD. The combination of SBE 9 and SBE 17 or SBE 11 are termed SBE 917 or SBE 911, respectively, while the combinations of SBE 9 plus and SBE 17 plus or SBE 11 plus are termed SBE 917 plus or SBE 911 plus.
Specifications
Specifications for the SBE 9 plus underwater unit are listed below:
| Parameter | Range | Initial accuracy | Resolution at 24 Hz | Response time |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Temperature | -5 to 35°C | 0.001°C | 0.0002°C | 0.065 sec |
| Conductivity | 0 to 7 S m-1 | 0.0003 S m-1 | 0.00004 S m-1 | 0.065 sec (pumped) |
| Pressure | 0 to full scale (1400, 2000, 4200, 6800 or 10500 m) | 0.015% of full scale | 0.001% of full scale | 0.015 sec |
Further details can be found in the manufacturer's specification sheet.
Chelsea Technologies Group Aquatracka MKIII fluorometer
The Chelsea Technologies Group Aquatracka MKIII is a logarithmic response fluorometer. Filters are available to enable the instrument to measure chlorophyll, rhodamine, fluorescein and turbidity.
It uses a pulsed (5.5 Hz) xenon light source discharging along two signal paths to eliminate variations in the flashlamp intensity. The reference path measures the intensity of the light source whilst the signal path measures the intensity of the light emitted from the specimen under test. The reference signal and the emitted light signals are then applied to a ratiometric circuit. In this circuit, the ratio of returned signal to reference signal is computed and scaled logarithmically to achieve a wide dynamic range. The logarithmic conversion accuracy is maintained at better than one percent of the reading over the full output range of the instrument.
Two variants of the instrument are available, both manufactured in titanium, capable of operating in depths from shallow water down to 2000 m and 6000 m respectively. The optical characteristics of the instrument in its different detection modes are visible below:
| Excitation | Chlorophyll a | Rhodamine | Fluorescein | Turbidity |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wavelength (nm) | 430 | 500 | 485 | 440* |
| Bandwidth (nm) | 105 | 70 | 22 | 80* |
| Emission | Chlorophyll a | Rhodamine | Fluorescein | Turbidity |
| Wavelength (nm) | 685 | 590 | 530 | 440* |
| Bandwidth (nm) | 30 | 45 | 30 | 80* |
* The wavelengths for the turbidity filters are customer selectable but must be in the range 400 to 700 nm. The same wavelength is used in the excitation path and the emission path.
The instrument measures chlorophyll a, rhodamine and fluorescein with a concentration range of 0.01 µg l-1 to 100 µg l-1. The concentration range for turbidity is 0.01 to 100 FTU (other wavelengths are available on request).
The instrument accuracy is ± 0.02 µg l-1 (or ± 3% of the reading, whichever is greater) for chlorophyll a, rhodamine and fluorescein. The accuracy for turbidity, over a 0 - 10 FTU range, is ± 0.02 FTU (or ± 3% of the reading, whichever is greater).
Further details are available from the Aquatracka MKIII specification sheet.
Biospherical Instruments QCP-2350 [underwater] PAR sensor
A cosine-corrected PAR quantum irradiance profiling sensor. For use in underwater applications with 24 bit ADC systems. Measures light available for photosynthesis on a flat surface. Operation is by a single channel compressed analog output voltage that is proportional to the log of incident PAR (400-700 nm) irradiance. The sensor is designed for operation in waters to depths of up to 2,000 m (standard) or 6,800 m (optional).
For more information, please see this document: https://www.bodc.ac.uk/data/documents/nodb/pdf/Biospherical_QCP2300_QCP2350_Apr2014.pdf
Tritech Digital Precision Altimeter PA200
This altimeter is a sonar ranging device that gives the height above the sea bed when mounted vertically. When mounted in any other attitude the sensor provides a subsea distance. It can be configured to operate on its own or under control from an external unit and can be supplied with simultaneous analogue and digital outputs, allowing them to interface to PC devices, data loggers, telemetry systems and multiplexers.
These instruments can be supplied with different housings, stainless steel, plastic and aluminum, which will limit the depth rating. There are three models available: the PA200-20S, PA200-10L and the PA500-6S, whose transducer options differ slightly.
Specifications
| Transducer options | PA200-20S | P200-10L | PA500-6S |
| Frequency (kHz) | 200 | 200 | 500 |
| Beamwidth (°) | 20 Conical | 10 included conical beam | 6 Conical |
| Operating range | 1 to 100 m 0.7 to 50 m | - | 0.3 to 50 m 0.1 to 10 m |
Common specifications are presented below
| Digital resolution | 1 mm |
| Analogue resolution | 0.25% of range |
| Depth rating | 700 , 2000, 4000 and 6800 m |
| Operating temperature | -10 to 40°C |
Further details can be found in the manufacturer's specification sheet.
WETLabs C-Star transmissometer
This instrument is designed to measure beam transmittance by submersion or with an optional flow tube for pumped applications. It can be used in profiles, moorings or as part of an underway system.
Two models are available, a 25 cm pathlength, which can be built in aluminum or co-polymer, and a 10 cm pathlength with a plastic housing. Both have an analog output, but a digital model is also available.
This instrument has been updated to provide a high resolution RS232 data output, while maintaining the same design and characteristics.
Specifications
| Pathlength | 10 or 25 cm |
| Wavelength | 370, 470, 530 or 660 nm |
| Bandwidth | ~ 20 nm for wavelengths of 470, 530 and 660 nm ~ 10 to 12 nm for a wavelength of 370 nm |
| Temperature error | 0.02 % full scale °C-1 |
| Temperature range | 0 to 30°C |
| Rated depth | 600 m (plastic housing) 6000 m (aluminum housing) |
Further details are available in the manufacturer's specification sheet or user guide.
JR17007 BODC CTD Data Processing
Data Processing
Processed and calibrated CTD data from Changing Arctic Ocean cruise JR17007 were submitted to BODC in ascii format. The files were transferred to BODC internal format using standard BODC procedures. The variables provided in the files were mapped to BODC parameter codes as follows:
| Originator's Variable | Originator's Units | BODC Parameter Code | BODC Units | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pressure | db | PRESPR01 | db | - |
| Temperature_1 | °C | TEMPST01 | °C | - |
| temperature_2 | °C | TEMPST02 | °C | The channel was transferred and then dropped following BODC processing as there was no difference in the quality of the data from the first or second sensor. |
| Salinity1_cal | PSU | PSALST01 | Dimensionless | - |
| Salinity2_cal | PSU | PSALST02 | Dimensionless | The channel was transferred and then dropped following BODC processing as there was no difference in the quality of the data from the first or second sensor. |
| Conductivity_1 | mS cm-1 | CNDCST01 | S m-1 | |
| Conductivity_2 | mS cm-1 | CNDCST02 | S m-1 | The channel was transferred and then dropped following BODC processing as there was no difference in the quality of the data from the first or second sensor. |
| Fluorescence | µg L-1 | CPHLPR01 | mg m-3 | Equivalent units |
| Beam_Attenutation | m-1 | ATTNMR01 | m-1 | - |
| Beam_Transmission | % | POPTDR01 | % | |
| PAR | µE cm-2 s-1 | IRRDSU01 | µE cm-2 s-1 | |
| Altimeter | m | AHSFZZ01 | m | |
| Oxygen_cal (µmol L-1) | µmol L-1 | DOZYZZ01 | µmol L-1 | |
| Oxygen_raw | V | OXYOCPVL | V | |
| OXYSZZ01 | % | Derived during transfer using DOXYZZ01, TEMPST01 and PSALST01 | ||
| POTMCV01 | °C | Derived during transfer using TEMPST01, PSALST01 and PRESPR01 | ||
| POTMCV02 | °C | Derived during transfer using TEMPST02, PSALST02 and PRESPR01. Channel dropped as the data from the primary sensors was kept in the final files. | ||
| SIGTPR01 | kg m-3 | Derived during transfer using POTMCV01, PSALST01 and PRESPR01 | ||
| SIGTPR02 | kg m-3 | Derived during transfer using POTMCV02, PSALST02 and PRESPR01. Channel dropped as the data from the primary sensors was kept in the final files. | ||
| TOKGPR01 | kg m-3 | Computed during transfer using TEMPST01 and PSALST01 | ||
| TOKGPR02 | kg m-3 | Computed during transfer using TEMPST02 and PSALST02. Channel dropped as the data from the primary sensors was kept in the final files. |
Screening
Post transfer analysis and crosschecks were applied according to BODC procedures. This involved the screening of data using BODC's in house visualisation software. M and N flags were applied to the data during reformating. M flags were applied to AHSFZZ01 for all instances when it was clear that the sensor hadn't picked up the sea floor.
JR17007 Originator CTD Data Processing
Sampling Strategy
A total of 20 CTD casts were performed during JR17007.
Data Processing
For each CTD cast the following raw data files were generated:
- JR17007_XXX.bl (a record of bottle firing locations)
- JR17007_XXX.hdr (header file)
- JR17007_XXX.hex (raw data file)
- JR17007_XXX.con (configuration file)
where XXX is the cast number of the CTD data series.
The CTD processing was started using Seabird Data Processing version 7.26.7.114 where the following modules were run:
- Data conversion - converted raw data from engineering units to binary .cnv files using any calibrations in the instrument configuration file and created .ros files.
- Wild edit - flagged any major spikes however this was not applied to conductivity and temperature as it resulted in bad data values of oxygen concentration after dynamic corrections.
- Filter - smoothed the high frequency pressure and depth data using a low-pass filter (values of 0.15 - recommended by SeaBird).
- AlignCTD - shifted conductivities and oxygen relative to pressure to compensate for sensor time lag. A 5s correction was applied to all casts.
- CellTM - ran a recursive filter to remove conductivity cell thermal mass effects from measured conductivity.
- Soak - identified the soak, up and downcast for each profile.
- Section - ran to remove the soak period for each cast.
- LoopEdit - procedure run with a minimum CTD velocity of 0 m s-1 and exclude scans marked bad ticked.
- Derive - derived computation salinity, oxygen saturation and concentration in ml l-1.
- BinAverage - averaged all variables to 0.2 db and 1 db.
- Strip - removed the primary and secondary salinity channels and oxygen concentration (in ml l-1) variables obtained at the Data Conversion stage.
Calibrations
Temperature
A total of 308 independent temperature readings where used to determine a calibration equation for temperature data. Two hypothesis were tested, a regression and offset, after outliers were identified and removed from the final dataset, a total of 292 readings for the primary sensor and 290 for the secondary remained. The two hypothesis were tested and it was found that none improved the data quality significantly, therefore it was decided that no calibration would be applied to these data.
Salinity
A total of 31 discrete salinity samples were analysed throughout the cruise, covering a wide range of salinity values. For each sample the bottle was rinsed 3 times with the Niskin seawater, filled, plastic insert fitted, bottle neck wiped and lid put on. Once a crate of 24 bottles was full, it was placed in the Autosal laboratory to acclimatise to temperature for at least one day prior to analysis. At the start and end of each crate a standard seawater (SSW) sample was analysed, in order to monitor the drift of the instrument but no clear drift pattern was visible.
There did not appear to be any temporal drift in the sensors, or a drift relative to pressure and once all the outliers were identified and removed from the dataset, a constant offset was used to correct the data for both sensors.
| # Samples | Salinity offset | |
|---|---|---|
| Sensor 1 | 23 | 0.007043 |
| Sensor 2 | 22 | 0.002773 |
Oxygen
The oxygen calibration equation was determined by Tim Brand from SAMS and applied to the data, 18 samples, from a total of 21 contributed to this procedure (R 2 = 0.9258)
O2_cal = (O2_raw * 0.8177) + 41.654
Project Information
Changing Arctic Ocean: Implications for marine biology and biogeochemistry
Changing Arctic Ocean (CAO) is a £16 million, five year (2017-2022) research programme initially funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC). The aim of the CAO programme is to understand how change in the physical environment (ice and ocean) will affect the large-scale ecosystem structure and biogeochemical functioning of the Arctic Ocean, the potential major impacts and provide projections for future ecosystem services. In July 2018, additional projects were added to the programme that were jointly funded by NERC and the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research.
Background
The Arctic Ocean is responding to global climate change in ways that are not yet fully understood and in some cases, not yet identified. The impacts of change in the Arctic are global in range and international in importance. To achieve the aim, the programme has two key research challenges:
- To develop quantified understanding of the structure and functioning of Arctic ecosystems.
- To understand the sensitivity of Arctic ecosystem structure, functioning and services to multiple stressors and the development of projections of the impacts of change.
The decision to fund the CAO project was both scientific and political and is the second largest research programme funded by NERC.
The programme involves 33 organisations, the majority of which are research institutions in the UK and Germany, and over 170 scientists. The programme consists of four large projects with an additional 12 research projects added in July 2018.
Further information can be found on the Changing Arctic Ocean website.
Participants
There are 33 organisations involved in the Changing Arctic Ocean project, these are:
- Alfred Wegener Institut (AWI)
- Bangor University
- British Antarctic Survey (BAS)
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS)
- Durham University
- GEOMAR
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht Centre for Materials and Coastal Research
- Lancaster University
- Marine Biological Association (MBA)
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
- National Oceanography Centre (NOC)
- Newcastle University
- Northumbria University
- Ocean Atmosphere Systems GmbH
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML)
- Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)
- Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre (SUERC)
- Université Libre de Bruxelles
- University College London (UCL)
- University of Bristol
- University of East Anglia (UEA)
- University of Edinburgh
- University of Glasgow
- University of Huddersfield
- University of Leeds
- University of Liverpool
- University of Manchester
- University of Oldenburg
- University of Oxford
- University of Southampton
- University of St Andrews
- University of Stirling
- University of Strathclyde
In addition to the core organisation, there are a number of international collaborators.
Research Details
The four large projects funded by NERC are:
- Arctic Productivity in the seasonal Ice Zone (Arctic PRIZE)
- Can we detect changes in Arctic ecosystems? (ARISE)
- The Changing Arctic Ocean Seafloor (ChAOS) - How changing sea ice conditions impact biological communities, biogeochemical processes and ecosystems
- Mechanistic understanding of the role of diatoms in the success of the Arctic Calanus complex and implications for a warmer Arctic (DIAPOD)
The additional 12 projects added in July 2018 funded jointly by NERC and the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research are:
- Advective Pathways of nutrients and key Ecological substances in the Arctic (APEAR)
- How will changing freshwater export and terrestrial permafrost thaw influence the Arctic Ocean? (CACOON)
- Chronobiology of changing Arctic Sea Ecosystems (CHASE)
- Potential benefits and risks of borealisation for fish stocks and ecosystems in a changing Arctic Ocean (Coldfish)
- Diatom Autecological Responses with Changes To Ice Cover (Diatom-ARCTIC)
- Ecosystem functions controlled by sea ice and light in a changing Arctic (Eco-Light)
- Effects of ice stressors and pollutants on the Arctic marine cryosphere (EISPAC)
- Linking Oceanography and Multi-specific, spatially-Variable Interactions of seabirds and their prey in the Arctic (LOMVIA)
- Understanding the links between pelagic microbial ecosystems and organic matter cycling in the changing Arctic (Micro-ARC)
- Microbes to Megafauna Modelling of Arctic Seas (MiMeMo)
- Primary productivity driven by escalating Arctic nutrient fluxes? (PEANUTS)
- Pathways and emissions of climate-relevant trace gases in a changing Arctic Ocean (PETRA)
Fieldwork and Data Collection
The programme consists of seven core cruises that survey areas in the Barents Sea and the Fram Strait on board the NERC research vessel RRS James Clark Ross. Measurements will include temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, dissolved inorganic carbon, total alkalinity, inorganic nutrients, oxygen and carbon isotopes and underway meteorological and surface ocean observations. In addition to ship based cruise datasets gliders, moorings and animal tags are part of the fieldwork. Further data are collected from model runs.
Data Activity or Cruise Information
Cruise
| Cruise Name | JR17007 |
| Departure Date | 2018-07-10 |
| Arrival Date | 2018-08-05 |
| Principal Scientist(s) | Martin Solan (University of Southampton School of Ocean and Earth Science) |
| Ship | RRS James Clark Ross |
Complete Cruise Metadata Report is available here
Fixed Station Information
No Fixed Station Information held for the Series
BODC Quality Control Flags
The following single character qualifying flags may be associated with one or more individual parameters with a data cycle:
| Flag | Description |
|---|---|
| Blank | Unqualified |
| < | Below detection limit |
| > | In excess of quoted value |
| A | Taxonomic flag for affinis (aff.) |
| B | Beginning of CTD Down/Up Cast |
| C | Taxonomic flag for confer (cf.) |
| D | Thermometric depth |
| E | End of CTD Down/Up Cast |
| G | Non-taxonomic biological characteristic uncertainty |
| H | Extrapolated value |
| I | Taxonomic flag for single species (sp.) |
| K | Improbable value - unknown quality control source |
| L | Improbable value - originator's quality control |
| M | Improbable value - BODC quality control |
| N | Null value |
| O | Improbable value - user quality control |
| P | Trace/calm |
| Q | Indeterminate |
| R | Replacement value |
| S | Estimated value |
| T | Interpolated value |
| U | Uncalibrated |
| W | Control value |
| X | Excessive difference |
SeaDataNet Quality Control Flags
The following single character qualifying flags may be associated with one or more individual parameters with a data cycle:
| Flag | Description |
|---|---|
| 0 | no quality control |
| 1 | good value |
| 2 | probably good value |
| 3 | probably bad value |
| 4 | bad value |
| 5 | changed value |
| 6 | value below detection |
| 7 | value in excess |
| 8 | interpolated value |
| 9 | missing value |
| A | value phenomenon uncertain |
| B | nominal value |
| Q | value below limit of quantification |
