Metadata Report for BODC Series Reference Number 2051671

• Metadata Summary

• Problem Reports

• Data Access Policy

• Data Policy

• Narrative Documents

• Project Information

• Data Activity or Cruise Information

• Fixed Station Information

• BODC Quality Flags

• SeaDataNet Quality Flags

Metadata Summary

Problem Reports

No Problem Report Found in the Database

Data Access Policy

Sustainable Oceans, Livelihoods and food Security Through Increased Capacity in Ecosystem research in the Western Indian Ocean (SOLSTICE-WIO)

Access to these data is currently restricted to the consortium Principal Investigators and consortium co-workers.

Anyone granted permission to use the data during this period of restriction must acknowledge the data originator on any resulting papers.

Co-authorship contact:

Ms Hannah East at National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Southampton(NOCS)

Data Policy

Sustainable Oceans, Livelihoods and food Security Through Increased Capacity in Ecosystem research in the Western Indian Ocean (SOLSTICE-WIO) Data Policy

Data resulting from Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) funding through the SOLSTICE-WIO project are subject to the following Data Policy.

• Data are to be placed under an initial embargo period, not longer than 2 years after collection. This is with the exception of samples data that will be placed under an initial embargo, not longer than 2 years after submission to BODC. This is to facilitate temporary protection of datasets whilst they are worked on by scientists or students.
• Datasets under embargo are not accessible outside of the project, unless permission is granted by the PI.
• Shipboard data (e.g. CTD, LADCP) should be submitted to BODC within 6 months of the cruise end.
• Sample/Bottle data (e.g. Chlorophyll-a, Nutrients) are to be submitted within 6 months of finalising the dataset.
• All SOLSTICE-WIO PhD student data are restricted to use by project PhD students until December 2021.
• Metadata will be made publicly available to download via the BODC website during the embargo periods but the data itself will not be accessible.

Narrative Documents

Niskin Bottle

The Niskin bottle is a device used by oceanographers to collect subsurface seawater samples. It is a plastic bottle with caps and rubber seals at each end and is deployed with the caps held open, allowing free-flushing of the bottle as it moves through the water column.

Standard Niskin

The standard version of the bottle includes a plastic-coated metal spring or elastic cord running through the interior of the bottle that joins the two caps, and the caps are held open against the spring by plastic lanyards. When the bottle reaches the desired depth the lanyards are released by a pressure-actuated switch, command signal or messenger weight and the caps are forced shut and sealed, trapping the seawater sample.

Lever Action Niskin

The Lever Action Niskin Bottle differs from the standard version, in that the caps are held open during deployment by externally mounted stainless steel springs rather than an internal spring or cord. Lever Action Niskins are recommended for applications where a completely clear sample chamber is critical or for use in deep cold water.

Clean Sampling

A modified version of the standard Niskin bottle has been developed for clean sampling. This is teflon-coated and uses a latex cord to close the caps rather than a metal spring. The clean version of the Levered Action Niskin bottle is also teflon-coated and uses epoxy covered springs in place of the stainless steel springs. These bottles are specifically designed to minimise metal contamination when sampling trace metals.

Deployment

Bottles may be deployed singly clamped to a wire or in groups of up to 48 on a rosette. Standard bottles and Lever Action bottles have a capacity between 1.7 and 30 L. Reversing thermometers may be attached to a spring-loaded disk that rotates through 180° on bottle closure.

Turner Designs Trilogy Fluorometer

The Trilogy Laboratory Fluorometer is a compact laboratory instrument for making fluorescence, absorbance and turbidity measurements using the appropriate snap-in Application Module.

The following snap-in application modules are available:

For extracted chlorophyll measurements using EPA 445, Trilogy automatically calculates the concentration using the filtered and solvent volumes. The turbidity modules use an IRLED with a wavelength of 860nm to meet ISO 7027 standards for turbidity water quality measurements.

Specifications

Further details can be found in the manufacturer's specification sheet.

SOLSTICE-WIO EK188 Particulate Orgainc Carbon (POC), Stable Carbon Isotope, Chlorophyll & Biogenic Silica Samples from CTD bottles

Originator's Protocol for Data Acquisition and Analysis

This dataset features carbon data (POC and stable carbon isotopes), chlorophyll & biogenic silica samples collected by Niskin bottles mounted on a CTD rosette at 14 stations during the EK188 cruise along the Southern coast of South Africa. The data were collected using a Seabird 911 + V2 CTD system coupled with a Seabird 32 carousel/ rosette loaded with 12 8 L Niskin bottles. At each station, the CTD was fired at the depth of maximum fluorescence (F-max) which was determined while viewing the live downcast data generated by the ECO Triplet sensor fitted to the rosette which measured chlorophyll-a/ fluorescence (470/ 695 nm).

POC + d13C

Samples were filtered onto pre-combusted (24 h at 450°C), pre-weighed GF/F filters (nominal pore-size 0.7 µm, 25 mm diameter, MF300), briefly rinsed with ammonium buffered distilled water (~ 3 mL) and placed in pre-combusted aluminium foil. Filters were dried in the oven overnight at 50°C and stored safely for analysis on shore. 1000 mL of sample was filtered in duplicates from each Niskin bottle (with the exception of CTD040 when 500 mL was filtered). On shore, filters were fumed with 35% hydrochloric acid for 24 h to remove any inorganic carbon, dried (50°C, >24 h) and pelleted in tin disks (OEA Labs). The samples were analysed for POC and stable isotopes from the same filter using a Thermo Fisher Scientific FLASH 2000 Organic Elemental Analyser coupled to a Delta V Advantage Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer . POC calibration was performed at the beginning of each batch using a series of caffeine standards of varying weights (1 - 5 mg) with known percentage content of carbon. Stable isotopes were calibrated using a range of standards (urea, EMA-P2 and caffeine) with known d13C content. Reference standards were included in each batch after every 10 samples to check the instrument precision (< 1%, n = 8, 1 SD) and drift. If needed a drift correction was applied. All samples were blank corrected and converted from 'mg on filter' to µg/L by dividing the mg of POC on the filter by the volume of sample filtered in mL (mg/ mL), then multiplied by 1000 (to convert to mg/L) and multiplied by 1000 again to convert to (µg/L).

Chlorophyll-a

Typically, 200 mL of seawater was filtered onto a glass-fibre filter (MF300 GF/F, nominal pore size 0.7µm, 25 mm diameter, Whatman). Pigments were extracted in 6 mL 90% acetone (Sigma-Aldrich, UK) at -20°C for 18-24 hours. Chlorophyll fluorescence was measured on a Turner Designs Trilogy fluorometer , equipped with a solid standard and calibrated against a pure chlorophyll-a standard (Spinach, Sigma).

Biogenic silica

Typically, 500 mL of water was filtered onto polycarbonate filters (0.8 µm pore size, 25 mm diameter, Fisherbrand). Filters were rinsed with pH-adjusted distilled water (pH: 7, adjusted using ammonium) to remove salts. Blank filters were prepared using MilliQ water. Samples were placed into 15 mL Falcon tubes (BRAND), dried at 50°C in an oven overnight and stored in a cool dark place for later analysis. In the laboratory, filters were digested with 5 mL of 0.2M NaOH at 85°C for 2 hours. After cooling, filters were neutralized at room temperature with 1 mL of 1.0 M HCl (pH 7-8.5). Samples were centrifuged at 2500 rpm for 10 minutes to allow the separation of supernatant from the suspended material. Using a volumetric pipette, 6 mL of the solution was withdrawn into a new tube and processed in an auto analyser ( SEAL analytical QuAAtro 39 segmented flow autoanalyser ). A molar mass of 67 was assumed. The auto analyser was calibrated with a silica stock solution of 10 000 µmol/L (1.4248g of Silica dissolved into artificial seawater). Stock 2 was made from stock 1 with a final concentration of 100 µmol/L. Calibrants were prepared from stock 2 with a concentration range of 0 - 32.0879 µmol/L. Certified reference material (KANSO Co., LTD, Japan) was analysed with every run to check precision and accuracy of the instrument. The limit of detection was 0.0706 µmol/L. All samples were blank-corrected and drift-corrected. Baseline, artificial seawater and wash solution were prepared with MilliQ, filtered through polycarbonate filters (0.2 µm pore size, 47 mm diameter, Whattman). Calibrants were prepared with artificial seawater (35g of sodium chloride plus 0.2g of hydrogen carbonate were dissolved in 1 L Milli Q water). All reagents were prepared in plasticware to prevent silica contamination.

BODC Data Processing Procedures

Data were submitted in an .xlsx spreadsheet containing measurements of POC, Stable Carbon Isotopes, Chlorophyll-a and Biogenic Silica. Additional metadata such as station, date, position, CTD cast number, CTD bottle number and depth (m) were also included in the file.

The data were reformatted and assigned BODC parameter codes and quality control checks were made. The data were then loaded into the BODC database using established BODC data banking procedures.

A parameter mapping table is provided below:

Data Quality Report

BODC performed quality control checks on the data. BODC 'M' flags were added to three negative biogenic silica recordings.

Project Information

SOLSTICE-WIO: Sustainable Oceans, Livelihoods and food Security Through Increased Capacity in Ecosystem research in the Western Indian Ocean

Introduction

SOLSTICE-WIO is a four-year collaborative project funded by the UK Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF). Launched in October 2017, it brings together recent advances in marine technologies, local knowledge and research expertise to address challenges facing the Western Indian Ocean region in a cost-effective way via state-of-the-art technology transfer, collaborative environmental and socio-economic research and hands-on training.

Over 100 million people in the Western Indian Ocean (WIO) region live within 100km of the coast, with over 1 million working in the fisheries sector. The WIO is highly dependent on the ocean for economic stability, food security, and social cohesion. In recent years, the region has seen dramatic and often poorly understood reductions in key fisheries, due to the combined effects of climate change, natural ecosystem variability, overfishing and degradation of key marine habitats. Until the mechanisms behind the collapse are understood, there is little potential for aiding recovery or guiding adaptation. The key to stability of living marine resources lies in an ecosystem approach to fisheries (EAF), which sees human-natural systems as a whole, integrated entity rather than separately considering individual target species. Understanding and managing WIO fisheries and the impacts of recent and future changes requires a mature capacity to implement an ecosystem approach to fisheries management (EAF) that is built on sound environmental and socio-economic information.

The core strength of SOLSTICE-WIO lies in its integral approach to food security, drawing on UK expertise in physical oceanography, marine ecology, autonomous observations, environmental economics and the human dimension,and WIO expertise in fisheries, the marine economy and regional policy development. SOLSTICE will provide the region with the state-of-the-art technology to deliver cost-effective marine research and provide the information needed to achieve maximum potential from the region's living marine resources. In the UK marine robotics, ocean models and novel data products from satellite observations have developed rapidly in the last decade, and now underpin Blue Economies and Ocean Governance in Europe. These technologies are highly agile and ready to be applied in the developing world as cost-effective ways to maximise understanding and sustainable exploitation of living marine resources. Such "technology leapfrogging" can overcome the severe lack of research ships in the WIO and save decades of effort in developing predictive modelling systems from scratch.

Scientific Objectives

SOLSTICE-WIO main objectives are to:

1. Grow marine environmental research capability to address challenges facing the WIO region in a cost-effective way via state-of-the-art technology transfer, collaborative environmental and socio-economic research, and hands-on training.
2. Strengthen the capacity of UK marine scientists to apply leading-edge technologies in developing countries, and work with regional and local experts to ensure that their research addresses local and regional needs.
3. Strengthen the ability of WIO scientists to effectively deliver evidence-based environmental and socio-economic information to support policy development and implementation at national and regional levels.
4. Ensure future sustainability of marine research capability in the region by training and mentoring early career scientists and post-graduate students from the WIO and by developing on-line resources for use in distance learning and hands-on training of marine scientists outside the partner organisations and beyond the duration of the project.
5. Ensure on-going support for an Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries in the WIO by building lasting strategic research partnerships between UK marine science and regional centres of excellence, between these centres and other WIO research organisations, and between marine scientist and government agencies and NGOs mandated to deliver sustainable development and exploitation of marine living resources in the WIO.

Fieldwork

SOLSTICE-WIO will demonstrate its approach to strengthening research capacity through three case studies in Kenya, Tanzania and South Africa. These have been selected by SOLSTICE-WIO partners in each of the three countries.

• Tanzania Case Study: Pemba Channel small pelagic fishery under climate threat.

  The small pelagic fishery is important for local communities in Zanzibar and mainland Tanzania as a source of food security, nutrition and livelihood support. This diverse group includes mackerel, sardines and anchovies â?? found in schools over the continental shelf, in bays and deep lagoons with nutrient rich waters. They are more abundant during the southeast monsoon, when stronger winds drive upwelling that brings nutrient rich water to the surface.

  Despite its importance for coastal economies, there is a lack of data and information about the fishery, which hampers effective management. Using robotics, modelling, remote sensing, field observations and socio-economic studies, SOLSTICE will identify key environmental and anthropogenic drivers of the main species and address climatic pressures on this fishery.

• Kenya Case Study: Emerging fishery of the North Kenya Bank, an opportunity for coastal populations.

  The North Kenya Bank fishery is expected to spur economic growth for local communities. If well managed, it could help achieve national development goals, including poverty alleviation and wealth creation. Sustainability requires informed management interventions, but there is only scant information on the ecological status and drivers of the fishery.

  Using modelling, remote sensing, field observations and socio-economic studies, SOLSTICE will explore processes related to productivity and resilience of the ecosystems supporting the fishery, identify the main drivers of variability and change, and advise the fishery and government on how to optimise use of this important resource.

• South Africa Case Study: Environmental drivers and socio-economic consequences of the South African Chokka squid fishery collapsing.

  The collapse of the Chokka squid fishery in 2013 had a devastating effect on the Eastern Cape, one of the poorest provinces in South Africa. The reasons for the collapse are unknown, although local fishermen believe it happened as a result of environmental change.

  SOLSTICE will address key environmental and anthropogenic factors controlling the ecosystem dynamics of the Agulhas Bank. The results will help explain why the fishery collapsed, and inform the fishery and government as to whether the current recovery is stable, or whether similar collapses are likely in the future.

Project Collaborators

The science delivered as part of SOLSTICE-WIO is greatly enhanced by the collaboration of the following institutions:

• National Oceanography Centre (NOC)
• Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML)
• Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)
• Heriot-Watt University
• Imperative Space
• Nelson Mandela University (NMU)
• South African Squid Management Industry Association
• Rhodes University
• South African Environmental Observation Network
• University of Cape Town
• Institute of Marine Sciences (IMS)
• Western Indian Ocean Marine Science Association
• Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute (TAFIRI)
• Environment for Development - Tanzania (EfDT)
• WWF Tanzania
• Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI)
• Coastal Oceans Research and Development â?? Indian Ocean
• University of Seychelles
• Mozambique National Institute of Fisheries Research
• Institut Halieutique et des Sciences Marines (IH.SM)

SOLSTICE-WIO Leadership Team

Directors

• Prof Mike Roberts (Nelson Mandela University (NMU), South Africa)
• Dr Katya Popova (National Oceanography Centre (NOC), UK)

Members

• Prof Julius Francis (Western Indian Ocean Marine Science Association (WIOMSA), Tanzania)
• Dr Yohana W. Shaghude (Institute of Marine Sciences (IMS), Tanzania)
• Dr Baraka Sekadende (Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute (TAFIRI), Tanzania)
• Dr Joseph Kamau (Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI), Kenya)
• Prof Warwick Sauer (Rhodes University (Rhodes), South Africa)
• Dr Eleni Papathanasopoulou (Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), UK)
• Dr Matthew Palmer (National Oceanography Centre (NOC), UK)
• Dr Val Byfield (National Oceanography Centre (NOC), UK)
• Sofia Alexiou (National Oceanography Centre (NOC), UK)

Funding

This is a NERC funded research project. The total value of the grant is £6,934,488 and the period of award is from September 4th 2017 to March 3rd 2020. NERC Reference: NE/P021050/1

Data Activity or Cruise Information

Data Activity

BODC Sample Metadata Report for EK188_CTD_EK188_CTD038

Please note:the supplied parameters may not have been sampled from all the bottle firings described in the table above. Cross-match the Sample Reference Number above against the SAMPRFNM value in the data file to identify the relevant metadata.

Related Data Activity activities are detailed in Appendix 1

Cruise

Complete Cruise Metadata Report is available here

Fixed Station Information

No Fixed Station Information held for the Series

BODC Quality Control Flags

The following single character qualifying flags may be associated with one or more individual parameters with a data cycle:

SeaDataNet Quality Control Flags

The following single character qualifying flags may be associated with one or more individual parameters with a data cycle:

Appendix 1: EK188_CTD_EK188_CTD038

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