Metadata Report for BODC Series Reference Number 2021663

• Metadata Summary

• Problem Reports

• Data Access Policy

• Narrative Documents

• Project Information

• Data Activity or Cruise Information

• Fixed Station Information

• BODC Quality Flags

• SeaDataNet Quality Flags

Metadata Summary

Problem Reports

No Problem Report Found in the Database

JR18002 Meteorology Data Quality Document

Wind sensors

The wind data are of good quality overall but there are periods in this series where wind shielding is apparent. This predominantly when the wind was blowing from 250-300° from the bow when the anemometer is partially blocked by the ship superstructure. Some instances of artificial acceleration and spiking were observed and flagged accordingly.

Atmospheric air pressure, temperature and humidity

The air pressure, humidity and temperature channels are of good quality with the sensors pairs for each parameter showing very similar values.

Light sensors

The PAR sensor pair compare well but are offset by approximately 5-6% which is less than double the 4% specified instrumental uncertainty specified in the sensor calibration certificates. There are also some minor instances of shading that have been flagged.

The TIR sensor pair also compare well but have a small offset of approximately 2.5% which is well within the 4.5% specified instrumental uncertainty in the sensor calibration certificates. In addition, there are some minor instances of shading that have been flagged.

Data Access Policy

Open Data supplied by Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)

You must always use the following attribution statement to acknowledge the source of the information: "Contains data supplied by Natural Environment Research Council."

Narrative Documents

Gill Windobserver 70 (ultrasonic) anemometer

A solid state, heated ultrasonic anemometer. Designed for use within the aviation industry and for more extreme weather conditions. It measures the times taken for an ultrasonic pulse of sound to travel from the North transducer to the South transducer, and compares it with the time for a pulse to travel from S to N transducer. Likewise times are compared between West and East, and E and W transducer. The wind speed and direction (and the speed of sound) can then be calculated from the differences in the times of flight on each axis. This calculation is independent of factors such as temperature. It uses 150 Watts of electrical heating in the anemometer head to prevent icing. Wind speed accuracy is +/-2% at 12 m/s. Wind direction accuracy is +/-2 degrees at 12 m/s.

For more information, please see this document: https://www.bodc.ac.uk/data/documents/nodb/pdf/Gill_WindObserver70_2017.pdf

JR18002 Meteorology Instrument Description Document

The meteorological suite of sensors is located on the bow at 20 - 22 m height. The instruments used to collect this dataset are displayed in the table below.

Kipp & Zonen Photosynthetically Active Radiation Quantum Sensor PQS1

The PQS1 is an atmospheric radiometer designed to measure incident radiation at photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) wavelengths. It incorporates a diffuser with an excellent directional (cosine) response and a silicon photodiode detector.

If used in field research applications, the PQS1 can be connected with the METEON handheld display unit, which also as data-logging capability. For permanent installations, it can be connected to the LOGBOX SD data logger.

Specifications

A link to the PQS1 specification sheet can be found here: PQS1 Spec sheet

Kipp and Zonen SP Lite and SP Lite2 Silicon Pyranometer

An atmospheric pyranometer that measures solar radiation over the range 400-1100 nm by means of a silicon photo-diode detector mounted in a diffuser. The sensor measures the radiation received over the entire hemisphere and the diffuser's sensitivity is proportional to the cosine of the angle of incidence of the incoming radiation. The photodiode creates a voltage output that is proportional to the incoming radiation. The SP Lite2 supersedes the SP Lite and features an improved sensitivity and faster response time than its predecessor.

Specifications

Further details can be found in the manufacturer's specification sheets for the SP Lite and SP Lite2.

Rotronic Hygromet MP102H and MP402H temperature and humidity probes

This meteorological probe measures humidity and temperature with the plug-in HygroClip HC2-S3 sensor module, and can also be equipped with a signal conditioned Pt100 temperature probe.

The two models differ in that the MP102H produces a voltage output while the MP402H produces a current output. Other characteristics are common to both models.

The specification sheet can be accessed here Rotronic MP102H and MP402H.

Specifications

Vaisala PTB210 Digital Barometer

The basic specifications for this pressure sensor are as follows:

• Manufacturer: Vaisala
• Type: Silicon capacitive sensor
• Model: PTB210
• Range: 900 - 1100 hPa
• Output: 0-5VDC
• Total Accuracy (20°C): ±0.30hPa
• Operating temperature: -40 to +60 deg C
• Weight: 110g
• Certification Ingress Protection: IP65

Further details can be found in the manufacturer's specification sheet.

JR18002 Meteorology Data Processing Procedures

Originator's Data Processing

The meteorology data were measured by different instruments during the cruise, with each instrument logging data to comma separated ASCII .ACO files using the SCS data logging software. The data were stored in the .ACO files and header information was stored in the corresponding .TPL files. Data were processed by the originator using the National Oceanography Centre MSTAR data processing routines into NetCDF files. These SCS MSTAR (NetCDF) files were provided to BODC and used for BODC processing. Please refer to page 68 of the cruise report for more information.

Files delivered to BODC

BODC Data Processing

The data were reformatted to the BODC internal format using standard banking procedures, and averaged at 60 second intervals. The following table shows how variables within the files were mapped to appropriate BODC parameter codes:

oceanlogger_jr18002_01_medav_clean_cal.nc

anemometer_jr18002_trueav.nc

anemometer_conv.ACO

All data expressed at measurement altitude.

All the reformatted data were visualised using the in-house EDSERPLO software. Suspect data were marked by adding an appropriate quality control flag.

Absolute wind speed and direction

Relative wind speed and direction were corrected for the ship's heading and speed using the gyro heading, ship velocities (calculated at BODC from the main positional channels) and an anemometer orientation of 0° on the bow, thus obtaining the BODC derived absolute wind speed and direction parameters.

Calibrations

No calibrations were applied to the meteorological data. The data delivered to BODC were already adjusted for manufacturer coefficients.

Project Information

Ocean Regulation of Climate by Heat and Carbon Sequestration and Transports (ORCHESTRA)

The Ocean Regulation of Climate by Heat and Carbon Sequestration and Transports (ORCHESTRA) is a £8.4 million, five year (2016-2021) research programme funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC). The aim of the research is to to advance the understanding of, and capability to predict, the Southern Ocean's impact on climate change via its uptake and storage of heat and carbon. The programme will significantly reduce uncertainties concerning how this uptake and storage by the ocean influences global climate, by conducting a series of unique fieldwork campaigns and innovative model developments.

Background

ORCHESTRA represents the first fully-unified activity by NERC institutes to address these challenges, and will draw in national and international partners to provide community coherence, and to build a legacy in knowledge and capability that will transcend the timescale of the programme itself.

It brings together science teams from six UK research institutions to investigate the role that the Southern Ocean plays in our changing climate and atmospheric carbon draw-down. It is led by British Antarctic Survey, in partnership with National Oceanography Centre, British Geological Survey, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, the Centre for Polar Observation and Modelling and the Sea Mammal Research Unit.

The oceans around Antarctica play a critical a key role in drawing down and storing large amounts of carbon and vast quantities of heat from from the atmosphere. Due to its remoteness and harsh environment, the Southern Ocean is the world's biggest data desert, and one of the hardest places to get right in climate models. The ORCHESTRA programme will make unique and important new measurements in the Southern Ocean using a range of techniques, including use of the world-class UK research vessel fleet, and deployments of innovative underwater robots. The new understanding obtained will guide key improvements to the current generation of computer models, and will enhance greatly our ability to predict climate into the future.

The scope of the programme includes interaction of the Southern Ocean with the atmosphere, exchange between the upper ocean mixed layer and the interior and exchange between the Southern Ocean and the global ocean.

Further details are available on the ORCHESTRA page.

Participants

Six different organisations are directly involved in research for ORCHESTRA. These institutions are:

• British Antarctic Survey (BAS)
• National Oceanography Centre (NOC)
• Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML)
• British Geological Survey (BGS)
• Centre for Polar Observation and Modelling (CPOM)
• Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)

GO-SHIP are a third party organisation that, although not directly involved with the programme, will conduct ship based observations that will also be used by ORCHESTRA.

Research details

Three Work Packages have been funded by the ORCHESTRA programme. These are described in brief below:

• Work Package 1: Interaction of the Southern ocean with the atmosphere
  WP1 will use new observations of surface fluxes and their controlling parameters in order to better constrain the exchanges of heat and carbon loss across the surface of the Southern Ocean.

• Work Package 2: Exchange between the upper ocean mixed layer and the interior.
  This work package will combine observationally-derived data and model simulations to determine and understand the exchanges between the ocean mixed layer and its interior.

• Work Package 3: Exchange between the Southern Ocean and the global ocean .
  This WP will use budget analyses of the hydrographic/tracer sections to diagnose the three-dimensional velocity field of the waters entering, leaving and recirculating within the Southern Atlantic sector of the Southern ocean.

• Fieldwork and data collection

  The campaign consists of 12 core cruises on board the NERC research vessels RRS James Clark Ross and RRS James Cook and will include hydrographic/tracer sections conducted across Drake Passage (SR1b), the northern Weddell Sea/Scotia Sea (A23), the northern rim of the Weddell Gyre (ANDREXII) and across the South Atlantic (24S). Section I6S will be performed by GO-SHIP Project Partners. Measurements will include temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, velocity, dissolved inorganic carbon, total alkalinity, inorganic nutrients, oxygen and carbon isotopes, and underway meteorological and surface ocean observations including pCO₂.

  Tags will be deployed on 30 Weddel seals and these will provide temperature and salinity profiles that can be used alongside the Argo data.

  Autonomous underwater ocean gliders will conduct multi-month missions and will deliver data on ocean stratification, heat content, mixed layer depth and turbulent mixing over the upper 1 km, with previously-unobtainable temporal resolution. These gliders will be deployed in the Weddell Gyre and the ACC.

  Field campaigns with the MASIN meteorological aircrafts will be conducted flying out of Rothera and Halley research stations and the Falkland Islands. These campaigns will deliver information on key variables relating to air-sea fluxes (surface and air temperature, wind, humidity, atmospheric CO₂, radiation, turbulent fluxes of heat, momentum and CO₂), in different sea ice conditions and oceanic regimes.

  Eart Observation datasets will be used to inform the programme on the properties of the ocean, sea ice and atmosphere and on interactions between them.

  A cluster of 6 deep ocean moorings in the Orkney Passage will collect year round series of AABW temperatre and transport. This work connects to the NERC funded project Dynamics of the Orkney Passage Outflow (DYNOPO).

  The UK Earth System model (UKESM) and underlying physical model will be used to conduct analyses of heat and carbon uptake and transport by the Southern Ocean and their links to wider climate on decadal timescales.

  An eddy-resolving (1/12°) sector model of the ocean south of 30°S with 75 vertical levels, will be built using the NEMO model coupled to the Los Alamos sea ice (CICE) model. The improvements on the ocean boundary layer will be based from the results from the NERC-funded OSMOSIS project and the inclusion of tides.

  20-5 year runs of an adjoint model will be conducted to determine how key forcings and model states affect the uptake and subduction of heat and carbon by the ocean.

Data Activity or Cruise Information

Cruise

Complete Cruise Metadata Report is available here

Fixed Station Information

No Fixed Station Information held for the Series

BODC Quality Control Flags

The following single character qualifying flags may be associated with one or more individual parameters with a data cycle:

SeaDataNet Quality Control Flags

The following single character qualifying flags may be associated with one or more individual parameters with a data cycle: