Metadata Report for BODC Series Reference Number 2043277

• Metadata Summary

• Problem Reports

• Data Access Policy

• Narrative Documents

• Project Information

• Data Activity or Cruise Information

• Fixed Station Information

• BODC Quality Flags

• SeaDataNet Quality Flags

Metadata Summary

Problem Reports

No Problem Report Found in the Database

Data Access Policy

Open Data supplied by Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)

You must always use the following attribution statement to acknowledge the source of the information: "Contains data supplied by Natural Environment Research Council."

Narrative Documents

Lachat QuikChem 8500 flow injection analyzer (FIA) and Ion Chromatography (IC) system

The Lachat QuikChem 8500 can operate FIA and IC simultaneously and independently on the same instrument platform. FIA and IC are complementary analytical techniques that are commonly used in the same laboratory.

Instrument includes - sampler, dilutor, sampling pump, electronics unit, and data station.

Flow injection analysis is ideally suited for processing relatively large numbers of samples. Ion Chromatography adds the power to profile samples for a class of ionic species.

FIA Productivity Characteristics

• Fast Startup - ~5 minutes
• Rapid Analysis - 20 to 60 seconds is typical
• High Sample Throughput - 60 to 120 samples per hour is typical
• Broad Working Range - Parts per trillion to percents
• Complete Baseline Resolution - No carryover between samples
• Wide Dynamic Range - 2 to 3 decades is typical
• Fast Shutdown - ~5 minutes
• Rapid Method Changeover - ~10 minutes

New FIA Features

• Run up to 5 channels for high productivity analysis or dedicated operation.
• New 2-cm flow cell methods allow more signal for detection at lower levels.
• Run Omnion 3.0 software on Windows XP, Vista, or Windows 7 operating systems.
• Interface Omnion software in multiple languages - including Spanish, German, French, Portuguese, and Italian.

For more information about this model see the manufactures data sheet - Lachat QuikChem 8500.

SPX Bran+Luebbe Autoanalyser 3

The instrument uses continuous flow analysis (CFA) with a continuous stream of material divided by air bubbles into discrete segments in which chemical reactions occur. The continuous stream of liquid samples and reagents are combined and transported in tubing and mixing coils. The tubing passes the samples from one apparatus to the other with each apparatus performing different functions, such as distillation, dialysis, extraction, ion exchange, heating, incubation, and subsequent recording of a signal.

An essential principle of the system is the introduction of air bubbles. The air bubbles segment each sample into discrete packets and act as a barrier between packets to prevent cross contamination as they travel down the length of the tubing. The air bubbles also assist mixing by creating turbulent flow (bolus flow), and provide operators with a quick and easy check of the flow characteristics of the liquid.

Samples and standards are treated in an exactly identical manner as they travel the length of the tubing, eliminating the necessity of a steady state signal, however, since the presence of bubbles create an almost square wave profile, bringing the system to steady state does not significantly decrease throughput and is desirable in that steady state signals (chemical equilibrium) are more accurate and reproducible.

The autoanalyzer can consist of different modules including a sampler, pump, mixing coils, optional sample treatments (dialysis, distillation, heating, etc), a detector, and data generator. Most continuous flow analyzers depend on color reactions using a flow through colorimeter, however other methods have been developed that use ISE, flame photometry, ICAP, fluorometry, and so forth.

More details can be found in the manufacturer's introduction to autoanalysers andinstrument description.

Niskin Bottle

The Niskin bottle is a device used by oceanographers to collect subsurface seawater samples. It is a plastic bottle with caps and rubber seals at each end and is deployed with the caps held open, allowing free-flushing of the bottle as it moves through the water column.

Standard Niskin

The standard version of the bottle includes a plastic-coated metal spring or elastic cord running through the interior of the bottle that joins the two caps, and the caps are held open against the spring by plastic lanyards. When the bottle reaches the desired depth the lanyards are released by a pressure-actuated switch, command signal or messenger weight and the caps are forced shut and sealed, trapping the seawater sample.

Lever Action Niskin

The Lever Action Niskin Bottle differs from the standard version, in that the caps are held open during deployment by externally mounted stainless steel springs rather than an internal spring or cord. Lever Action Niskins are recommended for applications where a completely clear sample chamber is critical or for use in deep cold water.

Clean Sampling

A modified version of the standard Niskin bottle has been developed for clean sampling. This is teflon-coated and uses a latex cord to close the caps rather than a metal spring. The clean version of the Levered Action Niskin bottle is also teflon-coated and uses epoxy covered springs in place of the stainless steel springs. These bottles are specifically designed to minimise metal contamination when sampling trace metals.

Deployment

Bottles may be deployed singly clamped to a wire or in groups of up to 48 on a rosette. Standard bottles and Lever Action bottles have a capacity between 1.7 and 30 L. Reversing thermometers may be attached to a spring-loaded disk that rotates through 180° on bottle closure.

JR16006 Dissolved Nutrient samples from CTD bottles

Originator's Protocol for Data Acquisition and Analysis

Dissolved nutrient samples of ammonium, phosphate, silicate, total oxidized nitrogen (TON) and nitrite were collected as part of the Changing Arctic Ocean programme for the Arctic PRIZE and ARISE projects during cruise JR16006. Samples of ammonium and silicate were analysed from 55 CTD casts whereas phosphate, nitrate and nitrite samples were analysed from 24 casts.

Ammonium and silicate samples were collected in 50 mL acid cleaned polythene centrifuge vials from the CTD rosette. Samples were collected directly from the CTD bottle spigots between the 8th and 21st of July. After this date, due to analyser blockage problems, the use of a 10 cm acid cleaned silicon tube with a 200 µm nylon mesh filter was used to pre-filter the sample prior to collection in the vial. Samples were analysed within 24 hours of collection and were allowed to rise to room temperature in the dark before analysis. Ammonium and silicate samples were measured on board using a Lachat Quik Chem 8500 Flow Injection Analyser using the manufacturers recommended methods for brackish or seawater: Ammonium 31-107-06-1-B and Silicate 31-114-27-1-A. Samples were measured in triplicate and in batch sizes of between ten and thirty samples with an initial standard calibration range made from stock nutrient standards diluted with OSIL low nutrient seawater using the instruments autodiluter facility. Stock nutrient standard solutions were made prior to the cruise from pre-dried pure grade reagents and made up to concentrations of around 10 mM/L. A mid-range standard was run at the end of the analysis batch and a linear incremental drift correction was made to each sample result. Analytical accuracy and precision performance was conducted approximately every five days by repeated analyses of OSIL certified nutrient solutions and/or KANSO certified reference seawater nutrient solutions.

Seawater samples of phosphate, nitrate and TON were collected from the CTD Niskin bottles in 1 L acid cleaned high-density polyethylene (HDPE) bottles using a short length of tygon tubing (no mesh). Bottles were rinsed three times with samples prior to collection. Samples were filtered through 48 mm, Whatman GF/F filters within 2 hours of collection. For the filtration process, 3 x 60 mL of sample was passed through the filter into an acid clean, 100 mL HDPE bottle. This filtrate was used to rinse the bottle and then discarded. The sample was collected from the 4th sample pass and then frozen at -20°C for later analysis. Sample analysis was conducted at the University of Liverpool using a Bran and Luebbe, QuAAtro 5-channel continuous flow analyser. Manufacturer recommended methods for detection in seawater were used: Phosphate Q-064-05 Rev. 2, Nitrate + Nitrite using a Cd coil Q-068-05 Rev. 2, Nitrite Q-070-05 Rev. 2. Samples were defrosted overnight in the dark and allowed to come to room temperature prior to analysis. Samples were run in triplicate in batch sizes of between twenty and thirty with an initial standard calibration range made from stock nutrient standards diluted with artificial seawater made up as prescribed in the manufacturer methods. Primary nutrient standard stocks were made up to concentrations of 10 mM/L from analytical/pure grade reagents and working standards were freshly made daily. Kanso certified reference material (CRM) for nutrients in seawater (Kanso Co Ltd, Lot CI) were used during every run. CRMs were run in triplicate every five samples, including the start and end.

Instrumentation Description

Lachat Quik Chem 8500 Flow Injection Analyser

Bran and Luebbe, QuAAtro 5-channel continuous flow analyser

BODC Data Processing Procedures

Data were submitted in an .xlsx spreadsheet containing dissolved nutrient sample measurements of ammonium, phosphate, silicate, TON and nitrite data with their associated standard deviations. Additional metadata such as station, position, date, time, CTD cast number, CTD bottle number and depth (m) were also included in the file.

The data were reformatted and assigned BODC parameter codes. Quality control checks were made and BODC applied flags were applicable. The data were then loaded into the BODC database using established BODC data banking procedures.

A parameter mapping table is provided below:

Data Quality Report

BODC performed quality control checks on the data. Any data values which were below the detection limit of the instrument were applied a '<' flag.

Project Information

Changing Arctic Ocean: Implications for marine biology and biogeochemistry

Changing Arctic Ocean (CAO) is a £16 million, five year (2017-2022) research programme initially funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC). The aim of the CAO programme is to understand how change in the physical environment (ice and ocean) will affect the large-scale ecosystem structure and biogeochemical functioning of the Arctic Ocean, the potential major impacts and provide projections for future ecosystem services. In July 2018, additional projects were added to the programme that were jointly funded by NERC and the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research.

Background

The Arctic Ocean is responding to global climate change in ways that are not yet fully understood and in some cases, not yet identified. The impacts of change in the Arctic are global in range and international in importance. To achieve the aim, the programme has two key research challenges:

• To develop quantified understanding of the structure and functioning of Arctic ecosystems.
• To understand the sensitivity of Arctic ecosystem structure, functioning and services to multiple stressors and the development of projections of the impacts of change.

The decision to fund the CAO project was both scientific and political and is the second largest research programme funded by NERC.

The programme involves 33 organisations, the majority of which are research institutions in the UK and Germany, and over 170 scientists. The programme consists of four large projects with an additional 12 research projects added in July 2018.

Further information can be found on the Changing Arctic Ocean website.

Participants

There are 33 organisations involved in the Changing Arctic Ocean project, these are:

• Alfred Wegener Institut (AWI)
• Bangor University
• British Antarctic Survey (BAS)
• Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS)
• Durham University
• GEOMAR
• Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht Centre for Materials and Coastal Research
• Lancaster University
• Marine Biological Association (MBA)
• Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
• National Oceanography Centre (NOC)
• Newcastle University
• Northumbria University
• Ocean Atmosphere Systems GmbH
• Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML)
• Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)
• Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre (SUERC)
• Université Libre de Bruxelles
• University College London (UCL)
• University of Bristol
• University of East Anglia (UEA)
• University of Edinburgh
• University of Glasgow
• University of Huddersfield
• University of Leeds
• University of Liverpool
• University of Manchester
• University of Oldenburg
• University of Oxford
• University of Southampton
• University of St Andrews
• University of Stirling
• University of Strathclyde

In addition to the core organisation, there are a number of international collaborators.

Research Details

The four large projects funded by NERC are:

• Arctic Productivity in the seasonal Ice Zone (Arctic PRIZE)
• Can we detect changes in Arctic ecosystems? (ARISE)
• The Changing Arctic Ocean Seafloor (ChAOS) - How changing sea ice conditions impact biological communities, biogeochemical processes and ecosystems
• Mechanistic understanding of the role of diatoms in the success of the Arctic Calanus complex and implications for a warmer Arctic (DIAPOD)

The additional 12 projects added in July 2018 funded jointly by NERC and the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research are:

• Advective Pathways of nutrients and key Ecological substances in the Arctic (APEAR)
• How will changing freshwater export and terrestrial permafrost thaw influence the Arctic Ocean? (CACOON)
• Chronobiology of changing Arctic Sea Ecosystems (CHASE)
• Potential benefits and risks of borealisation for fish stocks and ecosystems in a changing Arctic Ocean (Coldfish)
• Diatom Autecological Responses with Changes To Ice Cover (Diatom-ARCTIC)
• Ecosystem functions controlled by sea ice and light in a changing Arctic (Eco-Light)
• Effects of ice stressors and pollutants on the Arctic marine cryosphere (EISPAC)
• Linking Oceanography and Multi-specific, spatially-Variable Interactions of seabirds and their prey in the Arctic (LOMVIA)
• Understanding the links between pelagic microbial ecosystems and organic matter cycling in the changing Arctic (Micro-ARC)
• Microbes to Megafauna Modelling of Arctic Seas (MiMeMo)
• Primary productivity driven by escalating Arctic nutrient fluxes? (PEANUTS)
• Pathways and emissions of climate-relevant trace gases in a changing Arctic Ocean (PETRA)

Fieldwork and Data Collection

The programme consists of seven core cruises that survey areas in the Barents Sea and the Fram Strait on board the NERC research vessel RRS James Clark Ross. Measurements will include temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, dissolved inorganic carbon, total alkalinity, inorganic nutrients, oxygen and carbon isotopes and underway meteorological and surface ocean observations. In addition to ship based cruise datasets gliders, moorings and animal tags are part of the fieldwork. Further data are collected from model runs.

Data Activity or Cruise Information

Data Activity

BODC Sample Metadata Report for JR16006_CTD_CTD038

Please note:the supplied parameters may not have been sampled from all the bottle firings described in the table above. Cross-match the Sample Reference Number above against the SAMPRFNM value in the data file to identify the relevant metadata.

Related Data Activity activities are detailed in Appendix 1

Cruise

Complete Cruise Metadata Report is available here

Fixed Station Information

Fixed Station Information

Changing Arctic Ocean Fixed Station B14

This station is one of several sites sampled on the Barents Sea as part of the Changing Arctic Ocean programme. The station has a mean water depth 294 m at the following co-ordinates:

The position of this station relative to the other Changing Arctic Ocean sites can be seen from the figure below (in red).

Sampling History

Related Fixed Station activities are detailed in Appendix 2

BODC Quality Control Flags

The following single character qualifying flags may be associated with one or more individual parameters with a data cycle:

SeaDataNet Quality Control Flags

The following single character qualifying flags may be associated with one or more individual parameters with a data cycle:

Appendix 1: JR16006_CTD_CTD038

Related series for this Data Activity are presented in the table below. Further information can be found by following the appropriate links.

If you are interested in these series, please be aware we offer a multiple file download service. Should your credentials be insufficient for automatic download, the service also offers a referral to our Enquiries Officer who may be able to negotiate access.

Appendix 2: CAO-B14

Related series for this Fixed Station are presented in the table below. Further information can be found by following the appropriate links.

If you are interested in these series, please be aware we offer a multiple file download service. Should your credentials be insufficient for automatic download, the service also offers a referral to our Enquiries Officer who may be able to negotiate access.