Metadata Report for BODC Series Reference Number 881852

• Metadata Summary

• Problem Reports

• Data Access Policy

• Narrative Documents

• Project Information

• Data Activity or Cruise Information

• Fixed Station Information

• BODC Quality Flags

• SeaDataNet Quality Flags

Metadata Summary

Problem Reports

No Problem Report Found in the Database

Data Quality Report

The following data quality comments were reported by the originators:

Station 61 - The CTD frame crashed onto deck (from 2 m height) prior to the station. One niskin bottle was broken and the primary conductivity and temperature sensors were knocked loose. This also resulted in primary conductivity and oxygen sensor offset

Station 89 - Primary conductivity sensor failed near bottom of downcast and secondary sensor used at these depths

Station 93 - Primary conductivity sensor failed near bottom of downcast and secondary sensor used at these depths. Sensor was replaced post-cast

Data Access Policy

Open Data supplied by Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)

You must always use the following attribution statement to acknowledge the source of the information: "Contains data supplied by Natural Environment Research Council."

Narrative Documents

Sea-Bird Dissolved Oxygen Sensor SBE 43 and SBE 43F

The SBE 43 is a dissolved oxygen sensor designed for marine applications. It incorporates a high-performance Clark polarographic membrane with a pump that continuously plumbs water through it, preventing algal growth and the development of anoxic conditions when the sensor is taking measurements.

Two configurations are available: SBE 43 produces a voltage output and can be incorporated with any Sea-Bird CTD that accepts input from a 0-5 volt auxiliary sensor, while the SBE 43F produces a frequency output and can be integrated with an SBE 52-MP (Moored Profiler CTD) or used for OEM applications. The specifications below are common to both.

Specifications

Further details can be found in the manufacturer's specification sheet.

Instrument Description

CTD Unit and Auxiliary Sensors

The following table describes the CTD package used for RRS James Cook cruise JC032. Sensors are linked to generic specification documents which were obtained from the manufacturer's website.

Sea-Bird Electronics SBE 911 and SBE 917 series CTD profilers

The SBE 911 and SBE 917 series of conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) units are used to collect hydrographic profiles, including temperature, conductivity and pressure as standard. Each profiler consists of an underwater unit and deck unit or SEARAM. Auxiliary sensors, such as fluorometers, dissolved oxygen sensors and transmissometers, and carousel water samplers are commonly added to the underwater unit.

Underwater unit

The CTD underwater unit (SBE 9 or SBE 9 plus) comprises a protective cage (usually with a carousel water sampler), including a main pressure housing containing power supplies, acquisition electronics, telemetry circuitry, and a suite of modular sensors. The original SBE 9 incorporated Sea-Bird's standard modular SBE 3 temperature sensor and SBE 4 conductivity sensor, and a Paroscientific Digiquartz pressure sensor. The conductivity cell was connected to a pump-fed plastic tubing circuit that could include auxiliary sensors. Each SBE 9 unit was custom built to individual specification. The SBE 9 was replaced in 1997 by an off-the-shelf version, termed the SBE 9 plus, that incorporated the SBE 3 plus (or SBE 3P) temperature sensor, SBE 4C conductivity sensor and a Paroscientific Digiquartz pressure sensor. Sensors could be connected to a pump-fed plastic tubing circuit or stand-alone.

Temperature, conductivity and pressure sensors

The conductivity, temperature, and pressure sensors supplied with Sea-Bird CTD systems have outputs in the form of variable frequencies, which are measured using high-speed parallel counters. The resulting count totals are converted to numeric representations of the original frequencies, which bear a direct relationship to temperature, conductivity or pressure. Sampling frequencies for these sensors are typically set at 24 Hz.

The temperature sensing element is a glass-coated thermistor bead, pressure-protected inside a stainless steel tube, while the conductivity sensing element is a cylindrical, flow-through, borosilicate glass cell with three internal platinum electrodes. Thermistor resistance or conductivity cell resistance, respectively, is the controlling element in an optimized Wien Bridge oscillator circuit, which produces a frequency output that can be converted to a temperature or conductivity reading. These sensors are available with depth ratings of 6800 m (aluminium housing) or 10500 m (titanium housing). The Paroscientific Digiquartz pressure sensor comprises a quartz crystal resonator that responds to pressure-induced stress, and temperature is measured for thermal compensation of the calculated pressure.

Additional sensors

Optional sensors for dissolved oxygen, pH, light transmission, fluorescence and others do not require the very high levels of resolution needed in the primary CTD channels, nor do these sensors generally offer variable frequency outputs. Accordingly, signals from the auxiliary sensors are acquired using a conventional voltage-input multiplexed A/D converter (optional). Some Sea-Bird CTDs use a strain gauge pressure sensor (Senso-Metrics) in which case their pressure output data is in the same form as that from the auxiliary sensors as described above.

Deck unit or SEARAM

Each underwater unit is connected to a power supply and data logging system: the SBE 11 (or SBE 11 plus) deck unit allows real-time interfacing between the deck and the underwater unit via a conductive wire, while the submersible SBE 17 (or SBE 17 plus) SEARAM plugs directly into the underwater unit and data are downloaded on recovery of the CTD. The combination of SBE 9 and SBE 17 or SBE 11 are termed SBE 917 or SBE 911, respectively, while the combinations of SBE 9 plus and SBE 17 plus or SBE 11 plus are termed SBE 917 plus or SBE 911 plus.

Specifications

Specifications for the SBE 9 plus underwater unit are listed below:

Further details can be found in the manufacturer's specification sheet.

BODC Processing

The data arrived at BODC in 117 comma separated value (.csv) format files. These represented all but one of the CTD casts carried out during the cruise (no data were returned from station 48 due to a winch failure). The files contained two decibar pressure, salinity, temperature and oxygen CTD sensor data. No further sensor data were provided at this time as the originator needed to apply calibrations. Subsequently, these files were reformatted to the internal QXF format using BODC transfer function 440. Originator's quality control flags were automatically converted to BODC quality control flags during the transfer. The following table shows how the variables within the .csv files were mapped to appropriate BODC parameter codes:

The reformatted data were visualised using the in-house EDSERPLO software. Suspect data were marked by adding an appropriate quality control flag, missing data by both setting the data to an appropriate absent data value and setting the quality control flag.

Originator's Data Processing

Sampling Strategy

A total of 117 CTD casts were performed during cruise JC032. Sampling comprised of three transects across the Brazil Current at approximately 37° S (stations 1-9), 26° S (stations 10-22) and 24° S (stations 23-35). Sampling also comprised of a main transect along approximately 24° S from South America to Africa (stations 23-118). This section constituted WHP One Time Survey section A095, although, stations 23-35 also represented the third transect across the Brazil Current. Station 36 was a repeat of station 35, occurring approximately 26 hours later. On the downcast of station 48, a problem occurred with the gears on the CTD002 winch drum. This resulted in the CTD having to be manually retrieved from 3000 m depth. Consequently, no data were retrieved from station 48. All stations were full-depth CTD casts. Rosette bottles were fired over the full depth of the casts. A suite of physical, chemical and biological measurements were made at all but one station (22) where only physical measurements were taken. Measurements included CTD, LADCP, turbidity, inorganic nutrients, dissolved oxygen, CFCs, components of the inorganic carbon system and chlorophyll fluorescence. Other biological sampling also occurred at some of the stations, such as, nitrogen fixation and net community production.

Data Processing

Initial CTD data processing was performed on a PC using the Sea-Bird processing software SBE Data Processing, Version 7.18. This was followed by Mstar processing. The entire Mstar software suite was written in Matlab and used NetCDF file format to store all data. More detailed information on CTD sensor and sample data processing can be found in pages 1-7 of the CTD processing report for this cruise.

Field Calibrations

CTD salinity was derived from the primary conductivity channel and was calibrated via independent bottle samples. Samples were withdrawn from rosette bottles which spanned the full depth of the casts. The samples were analysed using a Guildline Autosal 8400B (S/N 68426) bench salinometer located in a controlled temperature laboratory and operated at 24 °C bath temperature in 21.5-23.5 °C ambient laboratory temperature. Further information about salinity sample procesing can be found in the salinity processing report for this cruise. Further information about CTD salinity calibration can be found in pages 5-6 of the CTD processing report for this cruise.

CTD dissolved oxygen was calibrated via independent bottle samples. Samples were withdrawn from rosette bottles which spanned the full depth of the casts. The samples were treated using the Winkler Titration in a similar manner to that described in Holley and Hydes (1994). Oxygen concentration was determined using a Metrohm 794 Basic Winkler Titration Unit. Further information about CTD oxygen calibration can be found on page 6 of the CTD processing report for this cruise.

References

Holley, S.E. and Hydes, D.J., 1994. Procedures for the determination of dissolved oxygen in seawater, James Rennell Centre for Ocean Circulation, Internal Document.

Project Information

Oceans 2025 Theme 1, Work Package 1.3: Physical-biogeochemical budgets and mixing in the Southern Ocean

This Work Package is run by the National Oceanography Centre, Southampton (NOCS) and aims to establish regional budgets of heat, freshwater and carbon, and to develop more accurate parameterisations for predictive ocean models by quantitatively investigating diapycnal and isopycnal transport processes using observations.

Vast, though poorly quantified, amounts of anthropogenic CO2 (~20 Pg) are believed to have been absorbed into the Antarctic mode and intermediate waters. Much of this uptake is achieved in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC), involving the upwelling of North Atlantic Deep Water, its northward transport by a delicate balance between Ekman drift and eddies, followed by subduction as mode waters. Models suggest that the rate of CO2 uptake is sensitive to changes in the wind and to changes to the eddy fluxes (Mignone et al., 2005).

To predict climate change, it is essential that the size of this carbon sink be known, and the processes that control it be understood. Even the exchanges of heat and freshwater between the Atlantic and Southern Oceans are poorly known. NOCS will combine observations and modelling to quantify and understand the processes controlling property fluxes and trends in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean, where the Atlantic overturning circulation is partially closed as it meets the ACC. The observational effort will be fully integrated with the international Climate Variability and Predictability (CLIVAR)/Carbon repeat hydrography program, and with the Diapycnal and Isopycnal Mixing Experiment in the Southern Ocean (DIMES) initiative to study mixing rates and processes; this work has been accepted as a contribution to the International Polar Year. The budgets and mixing rates inferred from field measurements will be used to both evaluate and improve numerical models.

More detailed information on this Work Package is available at pages 10 - 11 of the official Oceans 2025 Theme 1 document: Oceans 2025 Theme 1

Weblink: http://www.oceans2025.org/

References

Mignone B., Gnanadesikan A., Sarmiento JL., and Slater RD., 2005. Central role of Southern Hemisphere winds and eddies in modulating the oceanic uptake of anthropogenic carbon, Geophys Res Lett, 32 doi:101029/2005Gl024464

Oceans 2025 Theme 1: Climate, Ocean Circulation and Sea Level

Through fieldwork, analysis and modelling, Theme 1 will provide detailed knowledge of how the Atlantic, Arctic and Southern Oceans are responding to, and driving, climate change. In combination with geodetic studies, it will also improve our ability to predict global sea level and UK land movements in the century ahead.

The official Oceans 2025 documentation for this Theme is available from the following link: Oceans 2025 Theme 1

Weblink: http://www.oceans2025.org/

Oceans 2025 - The NERC Marine Centres' Strategic Research Programme 2007-2012

Who funds the programme?

The Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) funds the Oceans 2025 programme, which was originally planned in the context of NERC's 2002-2007 strategy and later realigned to NERC's subsequent strategy (Next Generation Science for Planet Earth; NERC 2007).

Who is involved in the programme?

The Oceans 2025 programme was designed by and is to be implemented through seven leading UK marine centres. The marine centres work together in coordination and are also supported by cooperation and input from government bodies, universities and other partners. The seven marine centres are:

• National Oceanography Centre, Southampton (NOCS)
• Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML)
• Marine Biological Association (MBA)
• Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Marine Science (SAHFOS)
• Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory (POL)
• Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)
• Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)

Oceans2025 provides funding to three national marine facilities, which provide services to the wider UK marine community, in addition to the Oceans 2025 community. These facilities are:

• British Oceanographic Data Centre (BODC), hosted at POL
• Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level (PSMSL), hosted at POL
• Culture Collection of Algae and Protozoa (CCAP), hosted at SAMS

The NERC-run Strategic Ocean Funding Initiative (SOFI) provides additional support to the programme by funding additional research projects and studentships that closely complement the Oceans 2025 programme, primarily through universities.

What is the programme about?

Oceans 2025 sets out to address some key challenges that face the UK as a result of a changing marine environment. The research funded through the programme sets out to increase understanding of the size, nature and impacts of these changes, with the aim to:

• improve knowledge of how the seas behave, not just now but in the future;
• help assess what that might mean for the Earth system and for society;
• assist in developing sustainable solutions for the management of marine resources for future generations;
• enhance the research capabilities and facilities available for UK marine science.

In order to address these aims there are nine science themes supported by the Oceans 2025 programme:

• Climate, circulation and sea level (Theme 1)
• Marine biogeochemical cycles (Theme 2)
• Shelf and coastal processes (Theme 3)
• Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning (Theme 4)
• Continental margins and deep ocean (Theme 5)
• Sustainable marine resources (Theme 6)
• Technology development (Theme 8)
• Next generation ocean prediction (Theme 9)
• Integration of sustained observations in the marine environment (Theme 10)

In the original programme proposal there was a theme on health and human impacts (Theme 7). The elements of this Theme have subsequently been included in Themes 3 and 9.

When is the programme active?

The programme started in April 2007 with funding for 5 years.

Brief summary of the programme fieldwork/data

Programme fieldwork and data collection are to be achieved through:

• physical, biological and chemical parameters sampling throughout the North and South Atlantic during collaborative research cruises aboard NERC's research vessels RRS Discovery, RRS James Cook and RRS James Clark Ross;
• the Continuous Plankton Recorder being deployed by SAHFOS in the North Atlantic and North Pacific on 'ships of opportunity';
• physical parameters measured and relayed in near real-time by fixed moorings and ARGO floats;
• coastal and shelf sea observatory data (Liverpool Bay Coastal Observatory (LBCO) and Western Channel Observatory (WCO)) using the RV Prince Madog and RV Quest.

The data is to be fed into models for validation and future projections. Greater detail can be found in the Theme documents.

International Polar Year

To be updated.

Climate Variability and Predictability (CLIVAR)

CLIVAR is an international research programme investigating climate variability and predictability on different time-scales and the response of the climate system to anthropogenic forcing. Climate variability, its extremes and possible future changes, has a strong impact on mankind. CLIVAR seeks to better understand and predict our climate in order to take precautions and to reduce impacts of climate variability and change on our planet. CLIVAR is one of the major components of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP). It started in 1995 and will have a lifetime of 15 years.

The specific objectives of CLIVAR are:

• To describe and understand the physical processes responsible for climate variability and predictability on seasonal, interannual, decadal, and centennial time-scales
• To coordinate the collection and analysis of observations and the development and application of models of the coupled climate system, in cooperation with other relevant climate-research and observing programmes
• To extend the record of climate variability over the time-scales of interest through the assembly of quality controlled palaeoclimatic and instrumental data sets
• To extend the range and accuracy of seasonal to interannual climate prediction through the development of global coupled predictive models
• To understand and predict the response of the climate system to increases of radiatively active gases and aerosols and to compare these predictions to the observed climate record in order to detect the anthropogenic modification of the natural climate signal

Further information may be obtained from the Official CLIVAR Project web site and theBODC web site

Data Activity or Cruise Information

Cruise

Complete Cruise Metadata Report is available here

Fixed Station Information

Fixed Station Information

WHP One Time Survey Section A095

This section is a complete full depth, hydrographic section from continent-to-continent from South America to Africa. The section is repeated to the highest international standards (World Ocean Circulation Experiment - WOCE), therefore, a full suite of physical, chemical and tracer measurements are made. It was occupied for the first time in 1983 as it was believed that flux calculations (heat, freshwater, tracers) could be performed better than at 30° S (WOCE A10), however transient tracers were not measured at this time and the cruise did not contribute to WOCE or CLIVAR.

The image below shows the location of this section in relation to both continents.

History of Occupations

Related Fixed Station activities are detailed in Appendix 1

BODC Quality Control Flags

The following single character qualifying flags may be associated with one or more individual parameters with a data cycle:

SeaDataNet Quality Control Flags

The following single character qualifying flags may be associated with one or more individual parameters with a data cycle:

Appendix 1: WHP One Time Survey Section A095

Related series for this Fixed Station are presented in the table below. Further information can be found by following the appropriate links.

If you are interested in these series, please be aware we offer a multiple file download service. Should your credentials be insufficient for automatic download, the service also offers a referral to our Enquiries Officer who may be able to negotiate access.