Metadata Report for BODC Series Reference Number 761364

• Metadata Summary

• Problem Reports

• Data Access Policy

• Narrative Documents

• Project Information

• Data Activity or Cruise Information

• Fixed Station Information

• BODC Quality Flags

• SeaDataNet Quality Flags

Metadata Summary

Problem Reports

No Problem Report Found in the Database

Data Quality Report

The channel CPHLPM01 was flagged as suspicious where the values are negative.

Data Access Policy

Open Data

These data have no specific confidentiality restrictions for users. However, users must acknowledge data sources as it is not ethical to publish data without proper attribution. Any publication or other output resulting from usage of the data should include an acknowledgment.

If the Information Provider does not provide a specific attribution statement, or if you are using Information from several Information Providers and multiple attributions are not practical in your product or application, you may consider using the following:

"Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v1.0."

Narrative Documents

Instrument Description

CTD Unit and Auxiliary Sensors

Until January 2003, CTD casts were undertaken by a Chelsea Instruments Aquapack. A single titanium housing contained all sensors (temperature, conductivity, pressure and fluorescence) sensor processing boards, transmission and data logger plus the internal batteries. A LiCor PAR (photosynthetic active radiation) sensor (serial number: 6387) was attached. Pressure certification of the sensors limited profiles to a depth of 200m. All data were logged internally.

Since 2003, a SeaBird 19plus SEACAT profiler (SeaBird Electronics, Inc) has been employed at the RaTS station. A self powered (powered by 9 D-size alkaline batteries) and self contained unit containing temperature, conductivity and pressure sensors together with a WetLabs in-line fluorometer and the same PAR sensor as used previously (LiCor; serial number: 6387). Utilisation of this instrument enabled full depth profiles to be conducted. Data from all sensors are logged internally, with data collection being initiated by a seawater switch.

Sea-Bird SBE 19 and SBE 19plus SEACAT Profiler CTDs

The SBE 19 SEACAT Profiler is a self-contained, battery powered, pumped CTD system designed to measure conductivity, temperature, and pressure in marine or fresh water environments to depths of 10,500 meters. It was replaced by the SBE 19plus model in 2001. An updated version of this instrument is the SBE 19plus V2, which incorporates an electronics upgrade and additional features, with six differentially amplified A/D input channels, one RS-232 data input channel, and 64 MB FLASH memory.

The standard CTD unit comes with a plastic housing (rated to 600 m), although this can be replaced by titanium housing for depths up to 7000 m. It is typically used for CTD profiling although a conversion kit is available for mooring deployments. The CTD can also be attached to an SBE 36 CTD Deck Unit and Power/Data Interface Module (PDIM) for real-time operation on single-core armored cable up to 10,000 m.

Specifications

*Measurements outside this range may be at slightly reduced accuracy due to extrapolation errors.

Options and accessories

Additional sensors can be attached to the CTD, including:

• high accuracy Paroscientific Digiquartz pressure sensor (depth range 0 to 20, 60, 130, 200, 270, 680, 1400, 2000, 4200, 7000 or 10500 m; accuracy 0.02% of full scale; resolution 0.0025% of full scale)
• Dissolved Oxygen (SBE 43 DO Sensor)
• pH* (SBE 18 pH Sensor or SBE 27 pH/ORP Sensor)
• fluorescence
• radiance (PAR)
• light transmission
• optical backscatter (turbidity)

The standard SBE 5M pump may be replaced by an SBE 5P (plastic housing) or 5T (titanium housing) pump for use with dissolved oxygen and/or other pumped sensors. Further details can be found in the manufacturer's SBE 19plus V2 instrument specification or theSBE 19 andSBE 19 plus user guides.

BODC Processing

The data arrived at BODC in Matlab binary .MAT files representing the CTD data collected as part of the Rothera Oceanographic and Biological Time Series (RaTS). These were reformatted to the internal QXF format using BODC transfer function 425. The following table shows how the variables within the matlab files were mapped to appropriate BODC parameter codes:

The reformatted data were visualised using the in-house EDSERPLO software. Suspect data were marked by adding an appropriate quality control flag, missing data by both setting the data to an appropriate value and setting the quality control flag

External Data Processing

Various Matlab functions were utilised on the separate Aquapack and SeaBird CTD data files and further a function was used to combine the two data sets together. Briefly, functions ran on the Aquapack data involved calculating chlorophyll concentration from the raw fluorescence output, subsequent calibration of chlorophyll data (from a SeaBird 911 on board the RRS James Clark Ross, see Field Calibrations) and calculating the variable 'depth' from the pressure output. The SeaBird data received similar processing regarding the chlorophyll calculation and calibration. An additional function was then run to combine the separate Aquapack and SeaBird files together and to ensure that all the variable names were identical.

Field Calibrations

Precision of the CTD was maintained by performing concurrent casts with SeaBird 911plus CTDs during regular visits of the RRS James Clark Ross and RV Laurence M. Gould to Rothera. SeaBird salinity data were themselves calibrated using discrete samples measured on a GuildLine Autosal 8400B salinometer, standardised with IAPSO p-series standard seawater (seawater standard of precisely known electrical conductivity ratio). Offsets to the RaTS salinity data were applied to reconcile them with the calibrated SeaBird data. Densities were calculated using the UNESCO (1983) algorithm.

Sampling strategy

Sampling began at the Rothera Oceanographic and Biological Time Series (RaTS) site in January 1997 which was subsequently occupied every five days during the summer and every seven days in the winter, except when weather, ice or logistic constraints intervened. An upper ocean hydrographic cast and discrete water sample at a depth of 15m was conducted. CTD (conductivity, temperature and depth) casts were made off an inflatable boat by use of a hand-cranked winch during the summer months and through a hole in the ice during the southern hemisphere winter. Discrete water samples were taken from a 15m depth using a Niskin bottle closed with a brass messenger. Water samples collected were measured for macronutrients (nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, ammonia and silicate), chlorophyll (both whole and size fractionated), dissolved oxygen isotopes, dissolved organic carbon and microbial community analysis. Prior to March 2002 all macronutrients were transported back to the laboratory at Rothera in the dark and analysed there. Since then, all silicate, phosphate, nitrite and nitrate samples have been preserved and sent to Ocean Scientific International Ltd, Petersfield, Hampshire, UK for analysis. Ammonium remains to be analysed at Rothera. Samples collected for oxygen isotopic analysis were sent annually (4^oC; dark) to the Natural Environment Research Council Isotope Geosciences Laboratory, Keyworth, UK.

There are two extended periods during which no data could be collected. August to December in both 2000 and 2001. In 2000, there was an unusually extended period of unfavourable ice conditions which were too heavy for boat operations and unsafe for sledge operations. Then in the period during 2001 a fire occurred which resulted in loss of use of the laboratory at Rothera. It was not possible to restart observations until replacement equipment arrived with the relief of the Rothera Research Station the following December.

Project Information

No Project Information held for the Series

Data Activity or Cruise Information

Cruise

Complete Cruise Metadata Report is available here

Fixed Station Information

Fixed Station Information

Rothera Oceanographic and Biological Time Series (RaTS) Fixed Station

The RaTS fixed station is made up of 3 CTD sampling sites and 2 mooring sites. The main CTD site is located in Marguerite Bay, ~4 km from shore and over a water depth of ~520 m. Marguerite Bay is enclosed by Adelaide Island to the north, Alexander Island to the south and the Antarctic Peninsula to the east (Figure 1 and 2). Waters are strongly influenced by the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Surface waters during summer become warm through insolation and freshened by ice melt. In winter surface waters are generally colder and more saline and characterised by a thick mixed layer which persists into the summer months and is marked by a subsurface temperature minimum (for fuller details please see Meredith et al., 2004 and references therein). When optimal conditions aren't available the secondary CTD site is occupied. In times when fast ice prevented sampling at both the primary and secondary site, a third site is utilised close to the Rothera Research Station. However, only a water sample is collected during this time as the water is too shallow to allow for a cast to be conducted. The following provides details of the CTD sites sampled:

To compliment the CTD data collected at the RaTS station, fixed moorings were deployed between 2005 - 2007. The moorings consisted of a suite of sensors including ADCPs, CTDs and sediment traps.

Figures Location of Maguerite Bay, to the west of the Antarctic Peninsula (Meredith et al., 2004) and more specifically the location of the RaTS station (Wallace, 2007)

Reference

Meredith, M.P., I.A. Renfew, A. Clark, J.C. King, M.A. Brandon (2004) Impact of the 1997/98 ENSO on upper ocean characteristics in Marguerite Bay, western Antarctic Peninsula. Journal of Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 109, C09013, doi:10.1029/2003JC001784

Wallace, M.I., 2007. Ocean circulation, properties and variability in Marguerite Bay, west Antarctic Peninsula. PhD Thesis. The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK.

Related Fixed Station activities are detailed in Appendix 1

Fixed Station Information

Drake Passage

The World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE, 1990-1998) was a major international experiment which made measurements and undertook modelling studies of the deep oceans in order to provide a much improved understanding of the role of ocean circulation in changing and ameliorating the Earth's climate.

The Drake Passage is the narrowest constriction of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) - the largest current in the world and connects all three major oceanic basins both horizontally and vertically, thus being a key control in the global overturning circulation.Within the Drake Passage, two repeat hydrographic sections (SR1 and SR1b) were established by WOCE. These were designed to extend measurements collected earlier by the International Southern Ocean Studies (ISOS) programme and have continued beyond the WOCE time-frame.

The original section was SR1 (which also covers part of the A21 one time survey track). Subsequently, the section was shifted to the east (and designated SR1b) in order for it to lie on a satellite ground track as illustrated in the image below.

In addition to the hydrographic measurements, UK research in Drake Passage also includes a network of coastal and deep tide gauges, analysis of satellite altimeter data, and state-of-the-art global numerical modeling.

Related Fixed Station activities are detailed in Appendix 2

BODC Quality Control Flags

The following single character qualifying flags may be associated with one or more individual parameters with a data cycle:

SeaDataNet Quality Control Flags

The following single character qualifying flags may be associated with one or more individual parameters with a data cycle:

Appendix 1: RaTS, Rothera

Related series for this Fixed Station are presented in the table below. Further information can be found by following the appropriate links.

If you are interested in these series, please be aware we offer a multiple file download service. Should your credentials be insufficient for automatic download, the service also offers a referral to our Enquiries Officer who may be able to negotiate access.

Appendix 2: Drake Passage

Related series for this Fixed Station are presented in the table below. Further information can be found by following the appropriate links.

If you are interested in these series, please be aware we offer a multiple file download service. Should your credentials be insufficient for automatic download, the service also offers a referral to our Enquiries Officer who may be able to negotiate access.