Metadata Report for BODC Series Reference Number 1979428

• Metadata Summary

• Problem Reports

• Data Access Policy

• Narrative Documents

• Project Information

• Data Activity or Cruise Information

• Fixed Station Information

• BODC Quality Flags

• SeaDataNet Quality Flags

Metadata Summary

Problem Reports

No Problem Report Found in the Database

Data Access Policy

Open Data

These data have no specific confidentiality restrictions for users. However, users must acknowledge data sources as it is not ethical to publish data without proper attribution. Any publication or other output resulting from usage of the data should include an acknowledgment.

If the Information Provider does not provide a specific attribution statement, or if you are using Information from several Information Providers and multiple attributions are not practical in your product or application, you may consider using the following:

"Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v1.0."

Narrative Documents

Seal Analytical AutoAnalyzer 3HR

The model AA3 is an upgrade from Seal Analytics AutoAnalyzer II and is specifically designed for colorimetric determination of dissolved nutrients in environmental smaples. This model fully automates repetitive and complex sample analysis and can perform solvent extractions, distillation, gas diffusion, on-line filtration and in-line UV digestion in a continuously flowing stream.

It has a modular design which can integrate a sampler, pump, chemistry test module and photometer. It also accepts Multitest Manifolds designed to extend any size analyzer to a multiple chemistry system capable of dual range of tests which, in turn, eliminate the need to change manifolds and filters when changing tests.

The AA3 uses segmented flow analysis principles to reduce inter-sample dispersion, it can analyse up to 100 samples per hour using stable LED light sources. It also contains glass coils, which allow for chemically inert and easy visual checks.

The available modules are:

• Digital colorimeter: bubble through the flow cell to increase sampling rate and true Dual beam operation with continuous real-time referencing
• High Precision Pump: multi-speed motor, electronic air injection, optional valves for auto reagent switching and a buil in leak detector
• Multitest Manifold: allows for up to 16 different analyses
• Chemistry Module: glass coils which are chemically inter and allow for clear view of the flow, gas difusion or dialysis options
• XY2/XY3: high capacity random access sampler, up to 180/270 samples in cups or tubes in 2/3 racks, separate rack for standards, optional integrated pump and auto-diluter
• Distillation Module: automatic in line distillation when required before colorimetric analysis

Further information can be found in the manufacturer's brochure.

Niskin Bottle

The Niskin bottle is a device used by oceanographers to collect subsurface seawater samples. It is a plastic bottle with caps and rubber seals at each end and is deployed with the caps held open, allowing free-flushing of the bottle as it moves through the water column.

Standard Niskin

The standard version of the bottle includes a plastic-coated metal spring or elastic cord running through the interior of the bottle that joins the two caps, and the caps are held open against the spring by plastic lanyards. When the bottle reaches the desired depth the lanyards are released by a pressure-actuated switch, command signal or messenger weight and the caps are forced shut and sealed, trapping the seawater sample.

Lever Action Niskin

The Lever Action Niskin Bottle differs from the standard version, in that the caps are held open during deployment by externally mounted stainless steel springs rather than an internal spring or cord. Lever Action Niskins are recommended for applications where a completely clear sample chamber is critical or for use in deep cold water.

Clean Sampling

A modified version of the standard Niskin bottle has been developed for clean sampling. This is teflon-coated and uses a latex cord to close the caps rather than a metal spring. The clean version of the Levered Action Niskin bottle is also teflon-coated and uses epoxy covered springs in place of the stainless steel springs. These bottles are specifically designed to minimise metal contamination when sampling trace metals.

Deployment

Bottles may be deployed singly clamped to a wire or in groups of up to 48 on a rosette. Standard bottles and Lever Action bottles have a capacity between 1.7 and 30 L. Reversing thermometers may be attached to a spring-loaded disk that rotates through 180° on bottle closure.

Oxygen and Nutrient samples from CTD bottles during RRS James Clark Ross cruise JR18002

Originator's Protocol for Data Acquisition and Analysis

Samples for nutrient analysis were collected directly from the 24 x 20 l stainless steel rosette after the Total Alkalinity/Dissolved Inorganic Carbon samples into pre-labelled 15 ml centrifuge tubes which were rinsed three times with water from the same Niskin. Samples were analysed directly from the collection tubes within 2-15 hour and measured from the lowest to the highest concentration (surface to deep) to reduce any carry over effects. Milli-Q water was used for the baseline and wash solution during each run.

Standards were prepared fresh every day by diluting the stock solutions of the different nutrients in ASW (35 g l^-1 sodium chloride plus 0.2 g l^-1 sodium hydrogen carbonate). Each run of the system had a 6-point calibration series. Prior to analysis all samples and standards were brought to room temperature of ~20°C. Concentrations of the working standards were adjusted throughout the cruise for silicate and phosphate, depending on the high values measured in the bottom waters.

Dissolved Oxygen samples were collected as soon as possible, straight after CFCs. Seawater was collected directly into pre-calibrated Pyrex 'Iodine titration' flasks. Before the sample was drawn, bottles were flushed with seawater for several seconds (approximately 3 times the volume of the bottle) and the temperature of the water was recorded simultaneously using a handheld digital thermometer (Hanna Instruments) and recorded onto a log sheet.

The fixing reagents (i.e., manganese chloride and sodium hydroxide/sodium iodide solutions) were then added. Care was taken to avoid bubbles inside the sampling tube and sampling bottle. Samples were thoroughly mixed following the addition of the fixing reagents and were then kept in a dark plastic crate for 30-40 min to allow the precipitate to settle. After collection, a Milli-Q water seal was applied to the neck of the sample flasks in order to prevent ingress of air. Once the precipitate had settled all samples were thoroughly mixed for a second time in order to ensure that the reaction was complete, water seal was replaced. Analyses were carried out as soon as possible normally within two to ten hours of sample collection.

When ready to titrate, the water seal was dried and the stopper of the flask carefully removed. A 1 ml aliquot of 5 M sulphuric acid was added to the flask, immediately followed by a clean magnetic stir bar. The flask was placed on the stir plate and the electrode and burette were carefully inserted to place the tips in the lower-middle depth of the sample flask. The initial volume of Na₂S₂O₃ for each sample was 0.3-0.6 ml before continuing to be titrated at 0.0005 ml intervals using an electrode with amperometic end-point detection (Culberson and Huang, 1987) with an end current of 0.1 µA. The resultant volume of titrant was recorded both by manual logging and on the Titrino. Following this the value was converted to a dissolved oxygen concentration.

References

Seal Analytical chemistry and cleaning procedure protocols used during the cruise were:

• Silicate in seawater method No. G-177-96 Rev 10 (Multitest MT19)
• Phosphate in water method No. G-175-96 Rev. 15 (Multitest MT 18)
• Nitrate and nitrite in seawater method No. G-172-96 Rev. 13 (Multitest MT19)
• Nitrite in seawater method No. G-062-92 Rev. 3

ISO 8258 (1991). Shewhart control charts. Geneva : International Organization for standardization

Hydes, D.J.; Aoyama, M.; Aminot, A.; Bakker, K.; Becker, S.; Coverly, S.; Daniel, A.; Dickson, A.G.; Grosso, O.; Kerouel, R.; van Ooijen, J.; Sato, K.; Tanhua, T.; Woodward, E.M.S.; Zhang, J.Z. (2010). Determination of Dissolved Nutrients (N, P, Si) in Seawater with High Precision and Inter-ComparabilityUsing Gas-Segmented Continuous Flow Analysers, In: GO-SHIP Repeat Hydrography Manual: A Collection of Expert Reports and Guidelines. IOCCP Report No. 14, ICPO Publication Series No 134

Taylor J.K. (1990). Quality assurance of chemical measurements. Lewis Publ. Inc., USA, 328p

Culberson, C.H. and Huang, S. (1987). Automated amperometric oxygen titration, Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers, Volume 34, Issues 5-6, pp 875-880

BODC Data Processing Procedures

Data were provided to BODC in an csv and an nc file. Both files contained the same data and metadata included the station number, bottle numbers and bottle flags. The measurements were loaded into the BODC database using established BODC data banking procedures. Absent data were removed prior to loading. The data were then loaded to the database without any further changes.

The originator's flags were matched against BODC flags according to the table below:

The originator's parameters were mapped to appropriate BODC parameter codes as shown below:

Project Information

Ocean Regulation of Climate by Heat and Carbon Sequestration and Transports (ORCHESTRA)

The Ocean Regulation of Climate by Heat and Carbon Sequestration and Transports (ORCHESTRA) is a £8.4 million, five year (2016-2021) research programme funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC). The aim of the research is to to advance the understanding of, and capability to predict, the Southern Ocean's impact on climate change via its uptake and storage of heat and carbon. The programme will significantly reduce uncertainties concerning how this uptake and storage by the ocean influences global climate, by conducting a series of unique fieldwork campaigns and innovative model developments.

Background

ORCHESTRA represents the first fully-unified activity by NERC institutes to address these challenges, and will draw in national and international partners to provide community coherence, and to build a legacy in knowledge and capability that will transcend the timescale of the programme itself.

It brings together science teams from six UK research institutions to investigate the role that the Southern Ocean plays in our changing climate and atmospheric carbon draw-down. It is led by British Antarctic Survey, in partnership with National Oceanography Centre, British Geological Survey, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, the Centre for Polar Observation and Modelling and the Sea Mammal Research Unit.

The oceans around Antarctica play a critical a key role in drawing down and storing large amounts of carbon and vast quantities of heat from from the atmosphere. Due to its remoteness and harsh environment, the Southern Ocean is the world's biggest data desert, and one of the hardest places to get right in climate models. The ORCHESTRA programme will make unique and important new measurements in the Southern Ocean using a range of techniques, including use of the world-class UK research vessel fleet, and deployments of innovative underwater robots. The new understanding obtained will guide key improvements to the current generation of computer models, and will enhance greatly our ability to predict climate into the future.

The scope of the programme includes interaction of the Southern Ocean with the atmosphere, exchange between the upper ocean mixed layer and the interior and exchange between the Southern Ocean and the global ocean.

Further details are available on the ORCHESTRA page.

Participants

Six different organisations are directly involved in research for ORCHESTRA. These institutions are:

• British Antarctic Survey (BAS)
• National Oceanography Centre (NOC)
• Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML)
• British Geological Survey (BGS)
• Centre for Polar Observation and Modelling (CPOM)
• Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)

GO-SHIP are a third party organisation that, although not directly involved with the programme, will conduct ship based observations that will also be used by ORCHESTRA.

Research details

Three Work Packages have been funded by the ORCHESTRA programme. These are described in brief below:

• Work Package 1: Interaction of the Southern ocean with the atmosphere
  WP1 will use new observations of surface fluxes and their controlling parameters in order to better constrain the exchanges of heat and carbon loss across the surface of the Southern Ocean.

• Work Package 2: Exchange between the upper ocean mixed layer and the interior.
  This work package will combine observationally-derived data and model simulations to determine and understand the exchanges between the ocean mixed layer and its interior.

• Work Package 3: Exchange between the Southern Ocean and the global ocean .
  This WP will use budget analyses of the hydrographic/tracer sections to diagnose the three-dimensional velocity field of the waters entering, leaving and recirculating within the Southern Atlantic sector of the Southern ocean.

• Fieldwork and data collection

  The campaign consists of 12 core cruises on board the NERC research vessels RRS James Clark Ross and RRS James Cook and will include hydrographic/tracer sections conducted across Drake Passage (SR1b), the northern Weddell Sea/Scotia Sea (A23), the northern rim of the Weddell Gyre (ANDREXII) and across the South Atlantic (24S). Section I6S will be performed by GO-SHIP Project Partners. Measurements will include temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, velocity, dissolved inorganic carbon, total alkalinity, inorganic nutrients, oxygen and carbon isotopes, and underway meteorological and surface ocean observations including pCO₂.

  Tags will be deployed on 30 Weddel seals and these will provide temperature and salinity profiles that can be used alongside the Argo data.

  Autonomous underwater ocean gliders will conduct multi-month missions and will deliver data on ocean stratification, heat content, mixed layer depth and turbulent mixing over the upper 1 km, with previously-unobtainable temporal resolution. These gliders will be deployed in the Weddell Gyre and the ACC.

  Field campaigns with the MASIN meteorological aircrafts will be conducted flying out of Rothera and Halley research stations and the Falkland Islands. These campaigns will deliver information on key variables relating to air-sea fluxes (surface and air temperature, wind, humidity, atmospheric CO₂, radiation, turbulent fluxes of heat, momentum and CO₂), in different sea ice conditions and oceanic regimes.

  Eart Observation datasets will be used to inform the programme on the properties of the ocean, sea ice and atmosphere and on interactions between them.

  A cluster of 6 deep ocean moorings in the Orkney Passage will collect year round series of AABW temperatre and transport. This work connects to the NERC funded project Dynamics of the Orkney Passage Outflow (DYNOPO).

  The UK Earth System model (UKESM) and underlying physical model will be used to conduct analyses of heat and carbon uptake and transport by the Southern Ocean and their links to wider climate on decadal timescales.

  An eddy-resolving (1/12°) sector model of the ocean south of 30°S with 75 vertical levels, will be built using the NEMO model coupled to the Los Alamos sea ice (CICE) model. The improvements on the ocean boundary layer will be based from the results from the NERC-funded OSMOSIS project and the inclusion of tides.

  20-5 year runs of an adjoint model will be conducted to determine how key forcings and model states affect the uptake and subduction of heat and carbon by the ocean.

Data Activity or Cruise Information

Data Activity

BODC Sample Metadata Report for JR18002_CTD_22

Please note:the supplied parameters may not have been sampled from all the bottle firings described in the table above. Cross-match the Sample Reference Number above against the SAMPRFNM value in the data file to identify the relevant metadata.

Related Data Activity activities are detailed in Appendix 1

Cruise

Complete Cruise Metadata Report is available here

Fixed Station Information

Fixed Station Information

World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) Southern Repeat Section 1B - Falkland Islands to Elephant Island

WOCE Southern Repeat Section 1B is a section across Drake Passage in the South Atlantic Ocean. The nominal end points of the section (to date) are at 52° 55.74' S, 58° 00.00' W (at the south of the Falkland Islands) and 61° 03.05' S, 54° 33.10' W (off Elephant Island at the north end of the Antarctic Peninsula).

The section was first occupied by the R/V Polarstern in 1992 (Gersonde, 1993). The first UK occupation of SR1b followed on RRS Discovery later the same year. The National Oceanography Centre, Southampton (formerly known as Southampton Oceanography Centre), in collaboration with the British Antarctic Survey, have occupied the section most years since 1993 on the RRS James Clark Ross. Additionally, there were three Spanish occupations on R/V Hespérides in February 1995, 1996 and 1998 (Garcia et al., 2002). A Drake Passage summary report for RRS James Clark Ross cruises between 1993 - 2000 has been produced.

A table of cruises which occupied SR1b is presented below with links to the relevant cruise reports (were available).

References

García, M. A., I. Bladé, A. Cruzado, Z. Velásquez, H. García, J. Puigdefàbregas and J. Sospedra, 2002: Observed variability of water properties and transports on the World Ocean Circulation Experiment SR1b section across the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. J. Geophys. Res. 107 (C10) 3162, 10.1029/2000JC000277.

Gersonde, R., 1993: The Expedition Antarktis X/5 of RV Polarstern in 1992. Berichte zur Polarforschung, 131, 167 pp.

Related Fixed Station activities are detailed in Appendix 2

BODC Quality Control Flags

The following single character qualifying flags may be associated with one or more individual parameters with a data cycle:

SeaDataNet Quality Control Flags

The following single character qualifying flags may be associated with one or more individual parameters with a data cycle:

Appendix 1: JR18002_CTD_22

Related series for this Data Activity are presented in the table below. Further information can be found by following the appropriate links.

If you are interested in these series, please be aware we offer a multiple file download service. Should your credentials be insufficient for automatic download, the service also offers a referral to our Enquiries Officer who may be able to negotiate access.

Appendix 2: Drake Passage - WOCE SR1b

Related series for this Fixed Station are presented in the table below. Further information can be found by following the appropriate links.

If you are interested in these series, please be aware we offer a multiple file download service. Should your credentials be insufficient for automatic download, the service also offers a referral to our Enquiries Officer who may be able to negotiate access.